Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Therio 2 > 5. Neonatology > Flashcards

5. Neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

why is neonatology important?

A

More and more owners are leaving dogs intact
-more mismatings and thus neoante exposure in practice
-more purposeful breedings
-appears to be some discomfort in this this area for many veterinarians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

rate of neonatal mortality and top reasons. When do most deaths occur?

A

The rate of neonatal deaths ranges from 17-30%

The 1st week of life is when most neonatal deaths occur

Most neonatal deaths caused by:
◦ Poor husbandry practices
◦ Suboptimal management
◦ Poor mothering

**Most are preventable!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

lungs are filled with what in utero?

A

fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

right side of the heart in utero is essentially what type of pressure system? what occurs as a result?

A

◦ Right side of the heart (to the lungs) = essentially high pressure system
◦ Causes blood to shunt from R side of the heart to the L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

adaptations of the fetal heart to make circulation bypass the lungs

A

◦ Ductus arteriosus: blood goes from pulmonary artery to aorta
◦ Foramen ovale: blood goes from right atrium to left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when the lungs fill with air upon birth, the right side of the heart is now what type of pressure system? what occurs as a result?

A

◦ Right side of the heart = low pressure system
◦ No longer any shunting from R to L
> pressure on L side is actually greater than the R side
◦ Ductus arteriosus closes
◦ Foramen ovale closes

At birth
◦ ⬆ oxygen tension> ductus arteriosus narrows & pulmonary vessels dilate
◦ ⬆ left-sided pressure >closure of foramen ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

is there a lot of blood flow to the neonatal lungs?

A

no, bloodflow to lungs is sparse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do neonates get O2?

A

placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens to neonatal lungs just before birth? what about upon birth?

A

◦ Just before birth: adrenal glands > cortisol > stimulates production of surfactant
◦ When umbilical cord blood supply is cut = hypoxia + ⬆ in vascular resistance > dyspnea = reflex contraction of the chest
◦ Negative pressure in airways = suction into lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the most common prenatal condition? what are some factors that may contribute?

A

fetal hypoxia (maternal stress, compromise, dystocia, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

inability to inflate lungs for newborns leads to

A

hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neonates cannot compensate well for what 3 conditions? why?

A

-hemorrhage
-hyperthermia
-acid/base imbalances

This is due to poor myocardial contractility
-Have incomplete autonomic innervation of heart and vasculature > not good blood pressure control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why are neonates more sensitive to temperature fluctuations?

A

◦ They cannot shiver
◦ They cannot vasoconstrict
◦ They have ⬆ surface area:body mass ratio
◦ Have little body fat
◦ Have poor blood flow to extremities
◦ Have high water composition
◦ Are unable to pant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why are neonates more sensitive to temperature fluctuations?

A

◦ They cannot shiver
◦ They cannot vasoconstrict
◦ They have ⬆ surface area:body mass ratio
◦ Have little body fat
◦ Have poor blood flow to extremities
◦ Have high water composition
◦ Are unable to pant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does neonatal stomach pH compare to that of adults and what does this mean?

A

higher stomach pH
>more susceptible to bacterial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the neonatal microflora at birth? how does it evolve?

A

Born with sterile GI
> make up their own flora based on mom, environment & diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Colostrum is both a source of

A

nutrients & immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is colostrum and when is it delivered?

A

-Is the 1st mammary secretion produced after delivery
-transition to milk at day 2-3 post partum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what % of antibodies are passed through placenta in dogs? cats?

A

<5% of antibodies are passed through placenta in dogs; 25% in kittens
◦ Almost have no immunoglobulins @ birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does gut permeability evolve after birth?

A

Gut permeability starts to ⬇ 8hrs after birth; virtually none by 24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what antibodies are present in colostrum? what most of all?

A

3 classes of immunoglobulins are present in colostrum (IgG, IgM, IgA)
◦ 60-75% is IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what time immunity does colostrum confer to neonate?

A

Colostral intake = acquisition of passive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Risk of neonatal mortality depends on 2 factors:

A

◦ Quality of the transfer of passive immunity
◦ Growth of the puppy between birth & 2 days of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when should we use colostrum replacement? how do we do it?

A

To be used in cases of failure of passive transfer

Administer plasma or serum from vaccinated adult
◦ Oral if <12hrs old
◦ Subcutaneously if >12hrs old – achieve higher levels when given subQ

If you can, its good to get pooled serum from multiple vaccinated adults of same household

Can give as 3 boluses (birth, 12 & 24hrs) or all at once

Should NOT be used as a substitute for colostrum
>colostrum is always better if available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how often should new pups be weighed?

A

at least once daily, 2x is better
-make a chart/graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how does weight of newborns normally change in the first 24 hours? how should body weight change after this, up to 10 days?

A

Normal for weight to decrease in 1st 24hrs (if c- section, less so if natural whelping)

◦ Should then gain 5-10% of their body weight daily

◦ Should double their weight within 7-10 days of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does newborn weight loss after the first 24 hours indicate?

A

something is wrong
>can precede other signs by 16h

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

important considerations for neonatal drug selection

A

◦ Decreased renal clearance
> Do not have normal glomerular filtration rate until 6 weeks of age
◦ Decreased hepatic metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why are newborns predisposed to hypoglycemia?

A

◦ Are born with limited glycogen stores
◦ Have poor gluconeogenesis capability

◦ Glucose – neonates have an:
> Increased demand for it
> Increased loss of it
> And a decreased ability to synthesize it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is APGAR scoring? how do we perform it and what do different scores mean?

A

Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration

Consists of assigning a score (0-2) in each category:
◦ Heart Rate
◦ Spontaneous breathing
◦ Response to an irritating stimulus
◦ Muscle tone
◦ Color of mucous membranes

Scores close to 10 > associated with neonatal viability

Scores 6 or lower > associated with neonatal mortality & should receive supportive care

A lot of variation of this scoring method exists. Some also add other parameters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

common causes of neonatal dehydration

A

Can lead to hypovolemia quickly
> lack of compensatory mechanisms

32
Q

How do we assess dehydration in neonates?

A

◦ Skin tent is not reliable
◦ Mucous membranes – should be deep pink, can be misleading if just nursed
◦ Urine color: should be dilute yellow if well hydrated

33
Q

how should we administer fluids to a dehydrated neonate?

A

◦ Oral (if GI is working) ok
◦ Subcutaneous
◦ IV or IO (intraosseous)

34
Q

causes of neonatal hypoglycaemia? how quickly can a neonate become hypoglycemic if not nursing

A

◦ Diarrhea
◦ Vomiting
◦ Infection
◦ Decreased intake

Can become hypoglycemic in 24hrs if not nursing

35
Q

clinical signs of hypoglycemia in neonate?

A

◦ Weakness, anorexia, tremors, crying, coma, seizures

36
Q

at what point is a puppy considered hypothermic? how should they be warmed?

A

Should not be less than 35oC

should not be warmed up more than 1oC/hr

37
Q

how can we prevent hypothermia in puppies?

A

Should be kept warm in environment (heat lamps, warm towels)
Temperature should be taken regularly

38
Q

how can we treat hypothermia in neonates?

A

Can give warm fluids as tx

39
Q

GI issue caused by hypothermia in neonates? what does this mean for caregiver?

A

Causes gut to slow down > ileus
◦ Previously ingested food ferments > gas > bloat

Do NOT feed a cold puppy

40
Q

some common causes for sepsis in neonates:

A

◦ 2nd to wounds (tail docking, ear crops, umbilicus)
◦ Respiratory or GI infections
◦ In utero acquired infection (less common)

41
Q

clinical signs of neonate sepsis

A

◦ Can be subtle
◦ Hypovolemia
◦ Vocalizing
◦ Reluctance to nurse
◦ Decreased urine output
◦ Increased lactate
◦ Cold extremities
◦ Loss of hair or sloughing of extremities (tail tip, ear tips)

42
Q

Dx of neonate sepsis

A

Culture of organisms from blood or affected tissues

43
Q

Tx of neonate sepsis

A

◦ Warm fluids
◦ Fresh or fresh frozen plasma from well vaccinated adult
◦ Broad spectrum antibiotics

44
Q

signs of neonatal response to therapy for sepsis

A

◦ Less pale MM
◦ Stronger pulse
◦ Warmer extremities
◦ Lower lactate levels

45
Q

3 potential causes of fading puppy syndrome

A

◦ Infectious agents > sepsis = most common
◦ Environment
◦ Genetics

46
Q

2 manifestations of fading puppy syndrome

A

Sick at birth, born weak & small or with birth defects
>unable to nurse
>dehydration, hypothermia, hypoglycemia
>death within 1st few days of life
◦ Caused by perinatal bacterial infections & respiratory distress

◦ Neonates initially appear healthy but become weak in 1st few weeks of life
>become depressed, anorexic
>enter fatal cycle of dehydration & hypothermia

47
Q

Dx of fading puppy syndrome

A

◦ Can be difficult
◦ Based on history & physical exam findings
◦ Culture & sensitivity of tissues
◦ If neonate can’t be saved, post mortem exam is recommended

48
Q

where is canine herpes virus found?

A

Ubiquitous in environment

49
Q

result of canine herpes virus for neonates

A

Causes necrotizing disease in neonates

50
Q

pathognomonic signs for canine herpes virus in neonates

A

Petechial + ecchymotic hemorrhage on major organs

51
Q

what pups are most likely to be affected by canine herpes virus?

A

Pups under 3 weeks of age = most likely to be affected
◦ Typical to have the quickest growing pup affected

52
Q

what are the clinical signs of canine herpes virus

A

◦ Acute
◦ Stop nursing
◦ Vocalize continuously
◦ Death in 1-3 days

53
Q

is canine herpes virus easy to diagnose and treat?

A

no, difficult for both

54
Q

how can we prevent canine herpes virus?

A

Prevention = keep warm neonatal environment

55
Q

what is neonatal isoerythrolysis? when does it occur?

A

◦ Hemolytic disease of newborn kittens
◦ Related to colostrum ingestion & blood types

Occurs when kittens with type A blood have a dam who’s type B blood
◦ Queen has strong anti-A antibodies in her colostrum
◦ Kittens ingest these anti-A antibodies
◦ Attacks their own type A blood

A, B & AB are the blood types in cats
>Type A cats have weak anti-B antibodies
>Type B cats have strong anti-A antibodies

56
Q

Neonatal Isoerythrolysis clinical signs

A

◦ Anemia, icterus
◦ Tail tip necrosis ◦ Weakness
◦ Tachypnea
◦ Tachycardia
◦ Hemoglobinuria
◦ Sudden death
◦ Mortality rate is high even with prompt intervention

57
Q

how to treat Neonatal Isoerythrolysis

A

Kitten should be removed from the dam and transfused if necessary
◦ Can use washed type B blood or cross-match blood

58
Q

how can we prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis

A
  • Avoid mating type B queens to type A toms
  • All breeding cats should be blood typed and bred to their own blood type
  • Blood type kitten before allowing it to nurse
59
Q

If drug insert says never been tested in pregnancy, assume what?

A

Assume that its not safe!!

60
Q

Excessive vitamin A causes what neonatal disorder?

A

midline defects

61
Q

Lack of vitamin D causes what neonatal defects?

A

tooth & bone abnormalities

62
Q

Feline parvovirus causes what neonatal defects?

A

cerebellar hypoplasia

63
Q

Corticosteroids cause what congental disorder?

A

cleft palate when given at certain stage of gestation

64
Q

Nutrition for neonates is important if

A

◦ There’s a need to supplement (large litter)
◦ Have to wean early (maternal illness)
◦ In orphaned or neonates that needs additional support (runt of the litter, not gaining well)

65
Q

methods of manual food delivery to neonates

A

◦ Can do bottle feeding, sponge feeding or tube feeding

66
Q

commercial milk replacer vs homemade - which to use for neonatal nutrition if needed?

A

Commercial milk replacer is recommended over home-made

67
Q

how often do newborn dogs need to be fed? what temp should food be?

A

◦ Newborns need to be fed 6-8x daily (once every 2hrs)
◦ Once they are a couple weeks old, can increase
intervals
◦ Food should be warmed to 38.6C

68
Q

average stomach capacity of neonateal dog

A

4tsp per lb

69
Q

most important parameter to assess fetal viability

A

steady weight gain

70
Q

Estrogen has many effects on the bitch. List 2 effects of estrogen on the bitch

A
  1. Edema of the vulva, vaginal epithelium
  2. Cornification of superficial cells
71
Q

List 3 reasons why bitches are unique in their estrous cycles

A
  1. They ovulate immature eggs
  2. Their progesterone levels rise prior to ovulation
  3. They have extreme variability in the length of most
    stages of their estrous cycles
72
Q

Select the MOST correct statement regarding pregnancy diagnosis in bitches:
a) Ultrasound is most useful to determine fetal numbers and can be done as early as 19
days of gestation
b) Radiographs are a great way to determine fetal viability and to confirm due dates
c) Ultrasound is most useful to confirm due dates and to assess fetal viability

A

c) Ultrasound is most useful to confirm due dates and to assess fetal viability

73
Q

List 3 reasons for which veterinary intervention would be required during whelping

A
  1. Overdue based on due date from ovulation
    timing
  2. Pup in the canal with straining for >15 minutes
  3. Presence of green/black vaginal discharge and no
    signs of labor
  4. More than 3 hrs between puppies
74
Q

Select the most correct answer regarding neonates:

a) Neonatal mortality is preventable, and most neonatal deaths occur before 3 weeks of
age.
b) Neonatal Isoerythrolysis occurs when type B queens have type A kittens.
c) Neonates should not be fed when they are cold. They should be warmed up rapidly
prior to feeding them

A

b) Neonatal Isoerythrolysis occurs when type B queens have type A kittens.

75
Q

What are the 3 biggest threats to neonates?

A
  1. Hypoglycemia
  2. Hypothermia
  3. Dehydration

Therio 2 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions