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Therio 2 > Obstetrics - Causes of Dystocia > Flashcards

Obstetrics - Causes of Dystocia Flashcards

1
Q

Maternal causes of dystocia - broad categories

A
  • Abnormalities of the pelvis (size, fracture),
  • Cervix (ringwomb), Vagina (vaginal prolapse)
  • Uterine torsion
  • Uterine inertia
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2
Q

what is ringwomb? what animal is it more common in? what is its etiology and presentation?

A

failure of cervical dilation, in sheep
-genetic link
-normal hormonal changes dont occur
>no signs of impending labour
-presents as fetal membranes hanging from vulva

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3
Q

when are we more likely to see failure of cervical dilation in cows?

A
  • In association with uterine torsion
  • Or if the calf is dead and does not enter pelvic canal (lack of Fergusson reflex)
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4
Q

what is uterine inertia?

A

inability to trigger uterine contractions

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5
Q

what are primary causes of uterine inertia?

A

-hypocalcemia
– Overstretching – due to hydrops, multiple fetuses

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6
Q

what are secondary causes of uterine inertia?

A

– Exhaustion of the myometrium after prolonged and unsuccessful delivery attempt– inability to continue uterine contractions

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7
Q

fetal causes of dystocia - broad categoies?

A

– Fetal maternal disproportion
* Fetus too big or pelvis too small
– Fetal malalignment
* Presentation, posture or position
– Multiple fetuses (twins, triplets…)
– Fetal monsters

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8
Q

most common cause of dystocia in cattle?

A

– Fetal-maternal disproportion

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9
Q

when do we see Fetal-maternal disproportion

A

– Heifers with insufficient pelvic size
– Large fetus too big for normal pelvis
– Large bulls
– Double muscled breeds
– Consider calving ease in bull selection

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10
Q

is fetal-maternal disproportion common in non-cattle species?

A

uncommon
-sometimes in dogs with a single pup litter

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11
Q

what is fetal malalignment? what species is this the most common cause of dystocia in?

A

– Fetal malalignment
* Abnormalities of presentation, posture or position
* Most common cause of dystocia in horses and alpacas

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12
Q

what is Schistosomus reflexus?

A

A fetal monster

Spinal curvature
Thoracic/ abdominal walls not fused - abdominal contents spilled to the outside
ankylosis - of the limbs, challenging to get out

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13
Q

what is Perosomus elumbus?

A

a fetal monster

Vertebral agenesis
and arthrogryposis
Front half relatively normal
Flexure and ankylosis of hindlimbs
No vertebrae caudal to thorax Pelvis is flat

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14
Q

Hydrocephalus in Friesian and Belgian horses associated with what?

A

nonsense mutation in B3GALNT2
* Autosomal recessive

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15
Q

what is fetal anasaca? what animal is it more common in?

A

-generalized edema, fetus becomes too large
-esp. in bulldogs

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16
Q

what is fetal ascites? what is it associated with?

A

-fetal abdomen full of fluid, assoc with organ abnormalities
-too big to pass vaginally

17
Q

top 3 causes of dystocia in cows

A

Fetopelvic disproportion: 45 %
Fetal malalignment: 26%
Dilation, cervix / vagina: 9%

18
Q

most common causes of dystocia in mares?

A

> 90% are due to fetal malalignment
– Head and/or limb deviation – 40 – 61%
– Posterior presentations –11 - 50%
– Contracted tendons – 8%
– Transverse – 10-16%
* Fetal oversize, uterine inertia, pelvic or other maternal problem – rare < 10%

19
Q

most common causes of dystocia in mares?

A

> 90% are due to fetal malalignment
– Head and/or limb deviation – 40 – 61%
– Posterior presentations –11 - 50%
– Contracted tendons – 8%
– Transverse – 10-16%
* Fetal oversize, uterine inertia, pelvic or other maternal problem – rare < 10%

20
Q

examples of fetal monsters

A

hydrocephalus
conjoined twins
Perosomus elumbus
Schistosomus reflexus

21
Q

common causes of dystocia in the bitch

A

Uterine inertia (complete): 49 %
Uterine inertia (incomplete): 23 %
Fetal malalignment: 15%

22
Q

most common cause of dystocia in the queen

A

unterine inertia 61%
fetal malalignment 15%

23
Q

most common causes of dystocia in the ewe

A

fetal malalignment: 50%
obstruction of birth canal: 35%

24
Q

most common causes of dystocia in the doe

A

fetal malalignment: 56%
fetopelvic disproportion: 20%
obstruction of birth canal: 12%
uterine inertia: 10%

25
Q

most common causes of dystocia in the sow

A

Uterine inertia: 37%
Fetal malalignment: 33%

25
Q

most common causes of dystocia in the sow

A

Uterine inertia: 37%
Fetal malalignment: 33%

26
Q

what is fetal presentation?

A

Describes the relative association of the LONG AXIS of the fetus with the maternal birth canal
* Which half of the fetus is presented first at the entry to the birth canal
* Normal is:
– Anterior longitudinal
– ? Posterior longitudinal > In cow

27
Q

How do you know if fetus is coming frontwards, or backwards?

A

palpate joints

Anterior longitudinal: These joints bend
in same direction (fetlock and carpus of Forelimb)

Posterior longitudinal: these joints bend in opposite directions (fetlock and hock of hindlimbs)

Presentation:
* Anterior Longitudinal – palmar aspects of forelimb hooves should be pointing down (unless fetus is upside-down) – feel for head
* Posterior Longitudinal
– Two hindlimbs (hooves) and tail are presented
– Plantar aspects of hooves should be pointing UP
– Careful palpation of joints
– Considered “normal” in cows but usually requires assistance for delivery – PULL!

28
Q

what is fetal position?

A
  • Describes the surface of the maternal birth canal to which the dorsal part of the fetus is aligned
  • Dorsal-sacral is normal
  • i.e. the dorsum of fetus is aligned with the sacrum of the dam
29
Q

what is fetal posture?

A
  • Describes the disposition of the fetal head, neck and limbs
  • Normal is extended head and limbs (forelimbs if anterior; hindlimbs if posterior)
  • We only describe the limbs presented
30
Q

what is a breech birth described as more formally?

A

Breech is Posterior with Bilateral Hip Flexion
Breech is NOT Posterior Longitudinal

31
Q

what is the most common and normal fetal alignment for birth?

A

Anterior longitudinal, dorsal-sacral, extended head and forelimbs

32
Q

what is a transverse abnormal fetal presentation

A

fetus lies across pelvic inlet
– dorsal - fetal back at pelvic inlet
– ventral – all four limbs at pelvic inlet

33
Q

what is a vertical abnormal fetal presentation

A

– fetus sits vertically in pelvic inlet
* also known as “Dog-Sitting”

34
Q

what do we expect for the delivery of a dog-sitting fetus?

A

Delivery appears normal and then progress suddenly stops
-Fetal hindlimbs are also engaged in pelvis and impede delivery

35
Q

formal term for upside down fetus

A
  • Dorso – pubic
36
Q

formal name for lateral fetus

A

Right or left dorsal- ilial

37
Q

how do we describe an abnomral birth posture regarding limbs?

A
  • Describe the abnormally positioned body part and direction

eg
* Lateral deviation of head and neck
* Ventroflexionofthe head
* Carpal flexion – Uni – or bilateral
* Shoulder flexion – uni or bilateral

Therio 2 (18 decks)

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