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RESPIRATORY > 5 – Pulmonary Compliance and Elasticity > Flashcards

5 – Pulmonary Compliance and Elasticity Flashcards

1
Q

Compliance:

A

-distension of lung relative to transpulmonary pressure
>how easy is it for the alveoli to STRETCH when filled with air
*lung compliance is inversely proportional to elasticity

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2
Q

Compliance equation:

A

-change in volume divided by change in pressure

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3
Q

Compliance is driven by:

A

-pressure change

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4
Q

Elasticity:

A

-ability of lung to resist distension/stretch
>how easy is it for the alveoli to RECOIL to its original shape

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5
Q

Elasticity is drive by:

A

-surface tension
-elasticity of lung tissue

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6
Q

Plastic bag vs. balloon compliance and elasticity example:

A

-plastic bag: compliant but not elastic
-balloon: compliant and elastic

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7
Q

When lung compliance is high:

A

-lung is readily distended
>hard to ‘deflate’ to get the air out
*flexible

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8
Q

When lung compliance is low:

A

-lung is not easily distended
>hard to get air in
*stiff

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9
Q

Elastic forces of lung:

A

-presence of connective tissues: 1/3
-alveoli surface tension: 2/3

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10
Q

Presence of connective tissues in lungs:

A

-elastin and collagen
*contributes to recoil property
-1/3 of total lung elasticity

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11
Q

Elastin:

A

-provides elastic properties

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12
Q

Collagen:

A

-provides strength and rigidity

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13
Q

Fibrosis (scar tissue):

A

-increase in collagen
>alveoli become stiff
>increase elastic recoil
>low compliance (ex. thick balloon)

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14
Q

Cohesive force:

A

-molecules of same property (ex. H2O) exhibit strong intermolecular attractive forces toward each other

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15
Q

Surface tension:

A

-molecules at the surface have LESS surrounding neighbours
>force is enhanced on their nearest neighbours at the surface

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16
Q

Alveoli is lined with:

A

-fluid surface that creates an air-water interface
*generates surface tension

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17
Q

Alveoli surface tension:

A

-water lining inner surface of alveoli exerts attraction to each other creates a net force that PULLS WATER INWARD
*recoil effect
-2/3 of lung’s elastic property

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18
Q

Surfactant:

A

-complex lipoprotein produced by type II pneumocytes

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19
Q

Surfactant’s role:

A

-reduces surface tension of alveoli to prevent atelectasis (collapsed alveoli)
-decreases elasticity ->improves compliance

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20
Q

How does surfactant work?

A

-hydrophobic molecules with a hydrophilic head
-disrupts surface H2O attraction
>reduces relative cohesive force

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21
Q

Surfactant is produced:

A

-during late gestation
>premature birth leads to respiratory difficulties (low compliance) in humans and animals

22
Q

Static compliance:

A

-where there is no airflow
-change in volume / change in pressure relationship is linear

23
Q

Dynamic compliance:

A

-with airflow where air resistance exists
-change in volume / change in pressure relationship is NOT LINEAR
*inspiration compliance is different than expiration compliance=hysteresis

24
Q

Why is inspiration compliance is different than expiration compliance?

A

-surface tension in alveoli contributes to elasticity
*greater pressure is required during INITIAL phase of inspiration to OVERCOME this force

25
Q

Expiration and surface tension:

A

-surface tension aids in shrinking the alveoli
*requires less change in pressure
>passive process

26
Q

Hysteresis:

A

-non-recoverable work required during inspiration to overcome the elastic properties

27
Q

Example of pressure change needed to change volume by 0.125L:

A

-inspiration= -1
-expiration= -0.2
*more pressure needed to inflate lung than deflate it

28
Q

Saline-filled lung:

A

-absence of surface tension due to lack of air-fluid interface
-hysteresis is greatly reduced (similar pressure needed for inspiration and expiration)
>small hysteresis still exists

29
Q

Why does a small hysteresis still exists in a saline-filled lung?

A

-due to elastic properties of lung (elastin, collagen)

30
Q

What does eliminating surface tension do?

A

-greatly reduces pressure required to change volume
>steeper change in volume / change in pressure slope =increase in compliance

31
Q

Airway resistance and compliance:

A

-resistance influences compliance
>how easy/difficult can air go through tip of nose/mouth to the alveoli (distend)

32
Q

Airway resistance: change in pressure generated in alveoli

A

-air enters through nasal/oral passage and encounters resistance before reaching alveoli
>causes deviation between static and dynamic compliance
*increase in resistance=decrease in dynamic compliance

33
Q

Where is the most resistance in the airway?

A

-conducting airway (bronchi to terminal bronchioles)
>fast turbulent airflow
>mucous secreting epithelial cells

34
Q

Laminar flow in respiratory zones have:

A

-reduced airway resistance

35
Q

Mouth breathing during exercise:

A

-more resistance in the nasal (turbinate) vs. the oral passage

36
Q

Air resistance factors:

A

-affect airway DIAMETER, influencing airway resistance
-obstruction can be internal or external

37
Q

What happens when air resistance is increased?

A

-decrease compliance=interfere gas exchange

38
Q

Examples of air resistance factors:

A
  1. Bronchoconstriction
  2. Abnormal tissue growth
  3. Mucous plug (inflammation)
  4. Pulmonary edema
39
Q

What is the clinical relevance of resistance and compliance?

A

-pathological diseases can alter compliance
-can use it to understand why the animals can’t breath properly

40
Q

Low compliance:

A

-hard to INFLATE alveoli ->hypoxemia
*restrictive=difficultly filling lungs with air

41
Q

What are some examples of low compliance?

A

-pneumothorax
-fibrosis
-abdominal/thoracic mass
-pulmonary edema
-low surfactant

42
Q

Pneumothorax:

A

-loss of pleural pressure

43
Q

Fibrosis:

A

-increase elastic recoil

44
Q

Abdominal/thoracic mass:

A

-diaphragm obstruction

45
Q

Pulmonary edema:

A

-fluid in interstitial space that pressures the alveoli

46
Q

Low surfactant:

A

-excess surface tension

47
Q

High compliance:

A

-hard to DEFLATE the alveoli ->hypercapnia
*obstructive=difficulty expelling air from lungs

48
Q

What are some examples of high compliance?

A

-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1. Emphysema
2. Chronic bronchitis

49
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:

A

-chronic inflammatory response (ex. smoking)

50
Q

Emphysema:

A

-structural destruction of alveoli wall
-alveolar macrophage produces elastase that degrades elastin fiber=loss of elasticity

51
Q

Chronic bronchitis:

A

-excess mucous
>obstructs airway
>more difficult getting air out than in
>air trapped in lungs
>hyperinflation of alveoli

RESPIRATORY (9 decks)

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