5. viral infections of honey bees

Question 1

Main causes of honeybee colony loss:

Answer 1

• parasite Varroa
• pesticides
• food shortage due to wildflower loss

Question 2

Can viral infections be asymptomatic

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

What can viruses infect?

Answer 3

• eggs
• larvae
• pupae
• adults

Question 4

The way an infection can spread

Answer 4

horiztontally or vertically

Question 5

Predisposing factors leading to viral infections

Answer 5

• crowded population
• stressful conditions eg due to Varroa mite infestation

Question 6

what is dicistroviridae known by::

Answer 6

• acute bee paralysis
• israeli acute paralysis
• kashmir bee virus
• black queen cell

Question 7

What is iflaviridae known by:

Answer 7

• deformed wing virus
• kakugo virus
• varroa destructor virus 1
• sacbrood virus
• slow bee paralysis virus

Question 8

Taxonomically unclassified viruses

Answer 8

• chronic bee paralysis
• lake sinai viruses

Question 9

3 types of single stranded RNA viruses

Answer 9

• dicistroviridae
• iflaviridae
• chronic bee paralysis
• lake sinai viruses

Question 10

Double stranded DNA virus:

Answer 10

> 300 nm
Apis mellifera filamentous virus

Question 11

Which bees does ABPV mainly affect

Answer 11

worker bees, larva too

Question 12

How does ABPV infect

Answer 12

via salivary glands of infected adult bees

Question 13

What is the vector of ABPV

Answer 13

Varroa destructor

Question 14

Symptoms of ABPV

Answer 14

• no symptoms or trembling
• paralysis of wings and bodies with 2-4 days and death 1-2 days later

Question 15

what happened to larvae of bees infected with ABPV?

Answer 15

if fed sufficiently with virus will die before sealed in their cells

Question 16

Chronic bee paralysis affects

Answer 16

workers and pupae

Question 17

Infection by CPV

Answer 17

via mouth/pore in cuticle left by broken hairs

Question 18

Type 1 paralysis symptoms of CPV

Answer 18

• aka isle of wight disease
• trembling motion of wings and body
• bloated abdomens
• dysentery

Question 19

Type 2 paralysis symptoms of CPV

Answer 19

• black robbers or little blacks
• guard bees prevent their return to colony like robber bees

Question 20

Which bees are seemingly unaffected by the sacbrood virus

Answer 20

drones are seemingly unaffected and adults been without signs of the disease

Question 21

Which bees are most susceptible to SBV

Answer 21

larvae of about 2 days old but older are most susceptible

Question 22

Symptoms of SBV

Answer 22

larva lay along the base of the cell in a banana or gondola shape

Question 23

Why do larvae die in SBV

Answer 23

unable to shed their last larval skin and fail to pupate due to fluid accumulation

Question 24

Colour change of larvae affected with SBV

Answer 24

• from pearly white to pale yellow
• darkens around head and thoracic region when the larvae die

Question 25

*Infected bees with SBV*

Answer 25

will fly and forage much earlier in life than usual but fail to collect pollen as the hypopharyngeal glands degenerate

Question 26

What bees does the deformed wing virus affect

Answer 26

workers as well as in brood

Question 27

*Vector of deformed wing virus*

Answer 27

Varroa destructor

Question 28

Symptoms of DWV

Answer 28

- deformed or poorly developed shrunken wings - decreased body size and discolouration in adult bees

Question 29

*Which bees does the cloudy wing virus affect*

Answer 29

mainly in workers, brood too

Question 30

*Symptoms of cloudy wing virus*

Answer 30

marked loos of transparency of the wings

Question 31

Which bees does the kashmir bee virus affect

Answer 31

mainly workers and larvar

Question 32

*Symptoms of KBV*

Answer 32

resembling an infection with american foulbrood or european foulbrood can cause bee mortality within 3 days

Question 33

Which bees does the black queen cell virus affect

Answer 33

- adult bees - praepupae

Question 34

what is the BQCV associated with

Answer 34

Nosema sp.

Question 35

Symptoms of the BQCV

Answer 35

- Queen larva or pre-pupae die after they have been sealed - dark brown or black queen cells containing dead prepupae

Question 36

*The only DNA virus we only know:*

Answer 36

filamentous

Question 37

Symptoms of filamentous virus

Answer 37

haemolymph becomes milky white

Question 38

Characteristics pf chronic bee paralysis associate

Answer 38

- might be satellite of CPVA) - more evident in queens than in workers

Question 39

Bee virus X characteristics

Answer 39

- related to virus Y - occurs in adults - special association to malphighamoeba mellificae

Question 40

Slow paralysis virus SYMPTOMS:

Answer 40

paralysis of the anterior two pairs of legs for a day or two before death

Question 41

Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) symptoms:

Answer 41

- paralysis

Question 42

how do you diagnose viral infections

Answer 42

PCR