Words 2 Flashcards
a town, or part of a large city, that is responsible for managing its own schools, hospitals, roads etc
bo‧rough / bʌrə $ -roʊ / noun [ countable ]
the borough of Queens in New York City
Lambeth Borough Council
especially British English the organization that controls a borough
borough council noun [ countable ]
phrasal verb
1 unconscious
_______ somebody ↔ ___ to make someone become unconscious or go to sleep
2 defeat
_______ somebody/something ↔ ___
to defeat a person or team in a competition so that they can no longer take part
3 destroy
_____ something ↔ ___ to damage something so that it does not work
4 admire
______somebody ___informal if something _______s you ___ , it is very impressive and surprises you because it is so good
5 produce
____ something ↔ __ informal to produce something easily and quickly
6 ____ yourself ___ informal to work very hard in order to do something well
to knock out
1 The champion knocked Biggs out in the seventh round.
knock yourself out
His head hit a table as he fell and he knocked himself out.
The nurse gave me some medicine which totally knocked me out. → knockout 1 ( 1 )
2 The German team were knocked out in the first round.
knock somebody/something out of something
He first hit the headlines when he knocked Becker out of the French Open Tournament. → knockout 1 ( 3 )
3 The air raids were planned to knock out communications on the ground.
4 She loved the movie. It knocked her out. → knockout 1 ( 2 )
5 Paul has been knocking out new songs for the album.
3 [ transitive always + adverb/preposition ] to move or remove something with a quick sudden movement
whip 1 / wɪp / verb ( past tense and past participle whipped , present participle whipping )
whip something off/out/back etc
Annie whipped off her apron and put it into the drawer.
He whipped back the sheets.
____ -___ light gives out heat but cannot be seen
→ ultraviolet
inf‧ra-red / ɪnfrə red◂ / adjective
to laugh quietly
chuck‧le / tʃʌk ə l / verb [ intransitive ]
What are you chuckling about?
— chuckle noun [ countable ] :
Rosie gave a little chuckle.
preposition literary
on top of something
a‧top / ətɒp $ ətɑp /
1 win points [ intransitive and transitive ]
to win a point in a sport, game, competition, or test
2 give points [ transitive ]
to give a particular number of points in a game, competition, test, or experiment SYN mark
3 _______ points
a) ( also _____ off somebody ) to say or do something in an attempt to prove that you are better or cleverer than someone else
b) informal to do or say something to please someone or to make them respect you
4 succeed [ intransitive and transitive ] informal
to be very successful in something you do
5 have sex [ intransitive ] informal
to have sex with someone, especially someone you have just met
6 line [ transitive ]
to mark a line on a piece of paper, wood etc using a sharp instrument
7 music [ transitive usually passive ]
to arrange a piece of music for a group of instruments or voices
8 get drugs [ intransitive and transitive ] informal
to manage to buy or get illegal drugs
_____ ___ somebody phrasal verb British English
to say or do something in an attempt to prove that you are better or cleverer than someone else
_____ something ↔ ___ /_______ phrasal verb
to draw a line through something that has been written
score 2 S3 W2 verb
1 Great cheers went up when he scored in the final minute of the game.
She scored an average of 9.9 in the test.
score a goal/point/run etc
He has scored 12 goals so far this season.
2 Each event will be scored separately.
Responses to the individual items are scored on a scale ranging from 0 to 12.
3
a) Too many MPs use debates as a chance to score political points.
score points over/off
Advertising may be used to score points off the competition.
b) score points with
You’ll score points with your girlfriend if you send her roses.
4 Her new book has scored a spectacular success .
6 Scoring the paper first makes it easier to fold.
score off somebody phrasal verb British English
He liked scoring off his pupils in his days as a teacher.
score something ↔ out/through phrasal verb
very careful about small details in your appearance, work etc SYN meticulous
fas‧tid‧i‧ous / fæstɪdiəs / adjective
people who are fastidious about personal hygiene
— fastidiously adverb
— fastidiousness noun [ uncountable ]
formal
to become very successful or very strong and healthy
Register
In everyday English, people usually say do well rather than _____:
The whole family seems to be doing well .
_______ __ something phrasal verb
to enjoy or be successful in a particular situation, especially one that other people find difficult or unpleasant
thrive / θraɪv / verb ( past tense thrived or throve / θrəʊv $ θroʊv / , past participle thrived ) [ intransitive ]
plants that thrive in tropical rain forests
a business which managed to thrive during a recession
thrive on something phrasal verb
I wouldn’t want that much pressure, but she seems to thrive on it.
1 to write something down, especially in order to keep a record
2 to reduce the price of something OPP _______ up → markdown
3 especially British English to give a student a lower result in a test, paper etc because they have made mistakes
____ somebody/something ____ __ something phrasal verb
British English to consider someone or something to be a particular type of person or thing
mark somebody/something ↔ down phrasal verb
1 Mark down everything you eat on your daily chart.
mark somebody/something down as something
The teacher marked him down as absent.
2 Winter coats have been marked down from $80 to $50.
3 Students will be marked down for failing to follow directions.
mark somebody/something down as something phrasal verb
When I first saw Gilbert play I marked him down as a future England player.
1 ____somebody __ to make a child comfortable in bed by arranging the sheets around them
2 ____ something ↔ __ to move a part of your body inwards so that it does not stick out so much
3 ( also ____ into something ) informal to eat something eagerly
tuck in phrasal verb
2 Stand up straight and tuck in your tummy.
3 The ice creams came and we tucked in.
They tucked into a hearty breakfast of eggs.
1 to smile widely
2 ____ and ____ it to accept an unpleasant or difficult situation without complaining, usually because you realize there is nothing you can do to make it better
grin 1 / ɡrɪn / verb ( past tense and past participle grinned , present participle grinning ) [ intransitive ]
1 grin at
She grinned at me, her eyes sparkling.
grin broadly/widely
He walked out of the pool, grinning widely.
grin like
He was grinning like an idiot (= grinning in a silly way ) .
grin from ear to ear (= grin very widely )
2 grin and bear it
1 hit/push somebody
_____ somebody ↔ ____ to hit or push someone so that they fall to the ground
2 hit somebody with a vehicle
_____ somebody ↔ ____ to hit someone with a vehicle while you are driving, so that they are hurt or killed
3 destroy
_____ something ↔ ____ to destroy a building or part of a building SYN demolish
4 reduce price
_____ something ↔ ____ informal to reduce the price of something by a large amount
5 ask somebody to reduce price
_____ somebody ____ to something informal to persuade someone to reduce the price of something they are selling you
knock somebody/something down phrasal verb
1 Something hit him from behind and knocked him down. → knockdown 2
2 A child was in hospital last night after being knocked down by a car.
3 They want to knock the house down and rebuild it.
4 The new stove we bought was knocked down from $800 to $550. → knockdown 1
5 She’s asking for £150 but I’ll try to knock her down to £100.
to use something for a particular purpose, give something to a particular person etc, especially after an official decision has been made
al‧lo‧cate AC / æləkeɪt / verb [ transitive ]
allocate something to somebody/something
the importance of allocating resources to local communities
You should allocate the same amount of time to each question.
allocate something for something
One million dollars was allocated for disaster relief.
allocate somebody/something sth
Several patients were waiting to be allocated a bed.
the words and phrases used to express something SYN phrasing
word‧ing / wɜdɪŋ $ wɜr- / noun [ uncountable ]
wording of
the exact wording of the contract
1 [ uncountable and countable ] technical
the speed of something that is moving in a particular direction
2 [ uncountable ] a high speed
ve‧lo‧ci‧ty / vəlɒsəti, vɪlɒsəti $ -lɑ- / noun ( plural velocities )
1 the velocity of light
The speedboat reached a velocity of 120 mph.
a high velocity bullet
2 Martinez had good velocity on his fastball.
______ feelings or actions seem to belong to a part of people’s character that is ancient and animal-like
pri‧mal / praɪm ə l / adjective [ only before noun ] formal
a primal fear of the unknown
primal instincts for mankind
broken stones or bricks from a building or wall that has been destroyed
rub‧ble / rʌb ə l / noun [ uncountable ]
able to conduct electricity, heat etc OPP non-_______
con‧duc‧tive / kəndʌktɪv / adjective
Copper is a very conductive metal.
— conductivity / kɒndʌktɪvəti, kɒndʌktɪvɪti $ kɑn- / noun [ uncountable ]
to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc
e‧mit / ɪmɪt / verb ( past tense and past participle emitted , present participle emitting ) [ transitive ]
The kettle emitted a shrill whistle.
to emit signals
an atom which has been given a positive or negative force by adding or taking away an electron → proton
i‧on / aɪən $ aɪən, aɪɑn / noun [ countable ] technical
something you already know about that helps you understand a situation
point of reference noun ( plural points of reference ) [ countable ]
to walk with slow heavy steps, especially because you are tired or it is difficult to walk
trudge / trʌdʒ / verb [ intransitive always + adverb/preposition ]
We trudged home through the snow.
— trudge noun [ singular ] :
the long trudge back up the hill
a detailed account of the development of a particular person, group, or situation that has been studied over a period of time
case study noun [ countable ]
something violent or harmful which you do to punish someone for something bad they have done to you → revenge , retaliation
re‧pri‧sal / rɪpraɪz ə l / noun [ uncountable and countable ]
They didn’t tell the police for fear of reprisal .
reprisal against
There were reprisals against unarmed civilians.
in reprisal (for something) Alfred was shot in reprisal for the killing of a rival gang member.
1 to suddenly let a strong force, feeling etc have its full effect
2 to let a dog run free after it has been held on a leash
to un‧leash / ʌnliʃ / verb [ transitive ]
1 Lefèvre’s comments unleashed a wave of protest.
1 [ singular ] a training in the basic parts of a subject or skill
2 [ countable ] American English a punishment for a child’s bad behaviour in which they are not allowed to go out with their friends for a period of time
3 [ uncountable and countable ] the process of officially stopping an aircraft from flying, especially because it is not safe to fly
4 [ uncountable ] when someone knows what their own character is like and understands what is really important and what is not
ground‧ing / ɡraʊndɪŋ / noun
1 grounding in
A basic grounding in math is essential for the economics course.
get/have a grounding in something
Applicants must have a good grounding in human resources management.
a good/thorough/solid etc grounding
The aim of the course is to give students a thorough grounding in English pronunciation.
4 a sense of grounding
1 forceful and determined, especially in a way that is offensive or annoying
2 a _______ sound or voice is loud and unpleasant
stri‧dent / straɪd ə nt / adjective
1 strident criticism
2 the strident calls of seagulls
— stridently adverb
— stridency noun [ uncountable ]
1 full of activity, confusion, or violence
2 very loud because people are happy and excited
tu‧mul‧tu‧ous / tjumʌltʃuəs $ tu- / adjective
1 the tumultuous years of the Civil War
2 He received a tumultuous welcome.
tumultuous applause
a very big change that often causes problems
up‧heav‧al / ʌphiv ə l / noun [ uncountable and countable ]
political upheaval
Moving house is a major upheaval .
1 ____ __/____something to use information, experience, knowledge etc for a particular purpose
2 ____ __ something to use part of a supply of something such as money
3 ____ __a cigarette/cigar etc to breathe in smoke from a cigarette etc
4 British English formal if a period of time or an event ____s __, it comes closer to its end
COLLOCATIONS
draw on phrasal verb
1 to draw on / upon sth
His work draws heavily on learning theories of the 1980s.
She has 20 years’ teaching experience to draw on.
2 I drew on my savings to pay for the repairs.
4 Winter is drawing on.
As the journey drew on, he started to feel tired.
nouns
draw on somebody’s experience The books have drawn on the experience of practising teachers.
draw on somebody’s knowledge Fortunately I was able to draw on my own knowledge of the law.
draw on somebody’s resources The committee has drawn on the resources and skills of several local people.
draw on somebody’s ideas We hope that we will be able to draw on these ideas to develop the work further.
draw on somebody’s expertise (= expert knowledge and experience ) Now we can draw on the expertise of some of the most talented network engineers.
_______ yourself/somebody with something
to learn about something so that you understand it, or to teach someone else about something so that they understand it
fa‧mil‧i‧ar‧ize ( also familiarise British English ) / fəmɪliəraɪz / verb
Employees must familiarize themselves with the health and safety manual.
— familiarization / fəmɪliəraɪzeɪʃ ə n $ -rə- / noun [ uncountable ] :
a one-day familiarization course
FL We want to familiarise you with the main events of the period.
1 form/be
____ __ something [ not in progressive ] to combine together to form something SYN constitute
2 pretend something is true
____ something ↔ __to pretend that something is true in order to deceive someone
3 invent
____ something ↔ __to produce a new story, song, game etc by thinking
4 prepare
____ something ↔ __ to prepare something by mixing things or putting things together
5 sb’s face
____ somebody ↔ __ to put ____-__(= special coloured substances ) on someone’s face in order to make them look better or different
6 number/amount
____ something ↔ __ especially British English to add to an amount in order to bring it up to the level that is needed
7 time/work
____something ↔ __to work at times when you do not usually work, because you have not done as much work as you should
8 friends ( also ____ it __) informal to become friendly with someone again after you have had an argument
9 from cloth
____ something ↔ __ to produce something from cloth by cutting and sewing
____ __ ___ something phrasal verb
1 to make a bad situation better, or replace something that has been lost SYN compensate
2 to have so much of one quality that it is not important that you do not have much of another one
3 to do something to show that you are sorry for doing something that upset or annoyed someone
4 ____ __ ___ lost time
a) to work more quickly, or at times when you do not usually work, because something has prevented you from doing the work before
b) to do a lot of something in an eager way because you have not had a chance to do it before
\_\_\_\_ \_\_ \_\_ somebody phrasal verb 1 \_\_\_\_ (it) \_\_ \_\_ somebody to do something to show that you are sorry about the problems you have caused someone
2 British English informal to say nice things to someone or be very friendly to them in order to get an advantage for yourself – used in order to show disapproval
3 be ____ __ __ captain/manager etc to be given a higher position in an organization SYN promote
FL Our team is made up of three historians.
make up phrasal verb
1 Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population.
be made up of something
The committee is made up of representatives from every state.
2 I think they’re making the whole thing up. → made-up ( 1 )
3 Nick made up a song about them.
When you’re the boss you can make up your own rules.
I’ve given talks so many times that now I just make them up as I go along (= think of things to say as I am speaking ) .
4 I could make up a bed for you on the sofa.
Can you make up a bottle of milk for the baby?
5 They made him up as an old man for the last act of the play.
One lucky winner will have the chance to be made up and photographed. ► Do not use the verb ‘make up’ when you are talking about putting make-up on your own face. Say that you put on (your) make-up. → made-up ( 2 )
6 I saved as much as I could, and my parents made up the rest.
The company will be forced to pay $6 million to make up the difference .
7 I’m trying to make up the time I lost while I was sick.
Is it OK if I make the work up next week?
8 make up with
Have you made up with Patty yet?
Oh come on! Why don’t you just kiss and make up ?
9 The dress had been made up to her exact requirements.
make something ↔ up into
I plan on making that material up into a dress. → make up your mind at mind 1 ( 3 )
make up for something phrasal verb
1 The team will be anxious to make up for a disappointing start to the season.
I don’t eat breakfast but I make up for it at lunch.
The good days more than make up for the bad ones.
2 make up for something in/with
What Jay lacked in experience, he made up for in enthusiasm.
Caroline doesn’t have a natural talent for music but she makes up for it with hard work.
3 I’m sorry I was late. To make up for it, let me treat you to a meal.
4 make up for lost time
a) We rehearsed all day Saturday, to make up for lost time.
b) Palin didn’t travel much as a young man but he’s certainly made up for lost time now.
make up to somebody phrasal verb
1 I’ll make it up to you somehow.
He was looking for a way to make up to her for what he had done.
3 be made up to captain/manager etc
He was a security guard before he was made up to reception manager.
to make someone feel slightly nervous, worried, or upset
FL unsettle the idea that
un‧set‧tle / ʌnsetl / verb [ transitive ]
The sudden changes unsettled Judy.
to try to find someone or something, especially when this is difficult
seek somebody/something ↔ out phrasal verb
Our mission is to seek out the enemy and destroy them.
1 cause problem [ transitive ]
to exist in a way that may cause a problem, danger, difficulty etc
2 picture [ intransitive ]
to sit or stand in a particular position in order to be photographed or painted, or to make someone do this
3 _______ a question
to ask a question, especially one that needs to be carefully thought about
4 ____ as somebody to pretend to be someone else, in order to deceive people
5 to impress people [ intransitive ]
to dress or behave like a rich and fashionable person in order to make other people notice you or admire you
FL One of the team will introduce you to each week’s theme and pose some of its central questions.
pose 1 W3 AC / pəʊz $ poʊz / verb
1 pose a threat/danger/risk
Officials claim the chemical poses no real threat.
pose something to/for somebody/something
The events pose a challenge to the church’s leadership.
Rising unemployment is posing serious problems for the administration.
2 pose for
We posed for photographs.
3 In her book she poses the question ‘How much do we need to be happy?’.
4 Bryce was caught posing as a lawyer.
COLLOCATIONS
nouns
pose a threat/danger/risk
The chemical leak poses a threat to human health.
pose a problem A flood of refugees could pose a serious problem for neighbouring countries.
pose difficulties Physical education and games pose difficulties for short-sighted children.
pose a challenge The material being taught must pose a challenge to pupils.
pose a dilemma (= cause a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to do ) In the future, the possibility of genetic testing on unborn children will pose a dilemma for parents.
_______ __/____ somebody/something phrasal verb formal
to have a harmful effect on someone or something
FL We will investigate the ways in which war and revolution may or may not have impinged on each of these areas of life.
im‧pinge / ɪmpɪndʒ / verb
impinge on/upon somebody/something phrasal verb formal
Personal problems experienced by students may impinge on their work.
— impingement noun [ uncountable and countable ]
to fight or struggle with someone, holding them tightly SYN wrestle
FL we also want you to begin to grapple with the internal complexities of the period which the dates often obscure.
grap‧ple / ɡræp ə l / verb [ intransitive ]
grapple with
Two men grappled with a guard at the door.
grapple with something phrasal verb
to try hard to deal with or understand something difficult :
The Government has to grapple with the problem of unemployment.
Molly’s upstairs grappling with her maths homework.
1 to fight or struggle without using any weapons, by pulling or pushing someone rather than hitting them
2 to try to beat someone in order to get something SYN wrestle
FL You might also begin to tussle with the question that historians of every period and place have to ask: who do we choose to listen to and why and from whose perspective are we telling history from?
tussle 2 verb [ intransitive ]
1 tussle with
He was tussling with the other boys.
2 tussle for
They tussled for first place in the race.
1 [ intransitive always + preposition ] to be doing or to become involved in an activity
2 [ transitive ] to attract someone’s attention and keep them interested
3 ______ ____ somebody/something
to get involved with other people and their ideas in order to understand them
4 [ transitive ] formal to employ someone to do a particular job
5 [ intransitive and transitive ] if you ______ part of a machine, or if it ______s, it moves so that it fits into another part of the machine OPP disengage
6 [ intransitive and transitive ] to begin to fight an enemy
FL This week will engage with the violence and activism of the period at its most direct point by looking at those who fought and those who participated in a variety of forms.
en‧gage W3 / ɪnɡeɪdʒ / verb formal
1 engage in/on/upon
Only 10% of American adults engage in regular exercise.
The two parties engaged upon an escalating political struggle.
Mr Armstrong was engaged in prayer.
engage in doing something
Despite her illness, she remains actively engaged in shaping policy.
2 engage sb’s interest/attention
The toy didn’t engage her interest for long.
engage somebody in conversation (= start talking to them )
3 engage with somebody/something
Are you so tired you don’t have the energy to engage with your kids?
4 engage somebody to do something
Her father engaged a tutor to improve her maths.
engage somebody as something
We’d be able to engage local people as volunteers.
5 She engaged the clutch and the car moved.
engage with
The wheel engages with the cog and turns it.
6 American forces did not directly engage.
1 ____ something ↔ __ to become interested in a new activity and to spend time doing it
2 to start a new job or have a new responsibility
3 ____ something ↔ __
if you ____ __ a suggestion, problem, complaint etc, you start to do something about it
4 to fill a particular amount of time or space
5 ____ something ↔ __ to accept a suggestion, offer, or idea
6 to move to the exact place where you should be, so that you are ready to do something
7 ____ something ↔ __
to make a piece of clothing shorter OPP let down
8 ____ something ↔ __ to continue a story or activity that you or someone else had begun, after a short break
____ somebody __ __ something phrasal verb
to accept an invitation or suggestion
____ __ ____ somebody/something phrasal verb
old-fashioned to become friendly with someone, especially someone who may influence you badly
FL Most people did not take up arms or fight for any of the various causes in this period, but they did have and did express their political opinions in a variety of changing and increasingly diverse ways.
take something up phrasal verb
1 Roger took painting up for a while, but soon lost interest.
2 Peter will take up the management of the finance department.
take up a post/a position/duties etc
The headteacher takes her duties up in August.
3 Now the papers have taken up the story.
take something ↔ up with
The hospital manager has promised to take the matter up with the member of staff involved.
I am still very angry and will be taking it up with the authorities.
4 be taken up with something
The little time I had outside of school was taken up with work.
take up space/room
old books that were taking up space in the office
5 Rob took up the invitation to visit.
take up the challenge/gauntlet
Rick took up the challenge and cycled the 250 mile route alone.
6 The runners are taking up their positions on the starting line.
8 I’ll take up the story where you left off.
take somebody up on something phrasal verb
take somebody up on an offer/a promise/a suggestion etc
I’ll take you up on that offer of a drink, if it still stands.
take up with somebody/something phrasal verb
1
a) [ uncountable and countable ] permission given by a company to someone who wants to sell its goods or services
b) [ countable ] a business, shop etc that is run under _______
2 [ countable ] American English a professional sports team
3 [ uncountable ] formal the legal right to vote in your country’s elections
FL This is the period of the broadening franchise – dramatic changes to local government in 1898 are followed by the extension of the franchise to most men and to some, but not all, women by the 1918 general election.
fran‧chise 1 / fræntʃaɪz / noun
1 a) a franchise holder a franchise agreement under (a) franchise The beer is brewed under franchise.
not caring that other people are suffering
FL Economic realities do not dictate everything, and it would be both callous and foolish to reduce people’s lives to the measure of the money in their pockets, but the economic effects of these years are striking.
cal‧lous / kæləs / adjective
We were shocked at the callous disregard for human life.
a callous attitude
the callous slaughter of seals
— callously adverb
— callousness noun [ uncountable ]
1 [ transitive ] to persuade someone to help you to do something
2 [ intransitive, transitive usually passive ] to join the army, navy etc
FL War brought a boom to the Irish agricultural economy, while economic problems may well explain why men continued to enlist when it was all too clear what the Great War promised.
en‧list / ɪnlɪst / verb
1 enlist sb’s help/services etc
He has enlisted the help of a sports psychologist for the team.
The public are being enlisted to help.
2 enlist as
He enlisted as a private.
enlist in
At the outbreak of war, he was enlisted in the army.
— enlistment noun [ uncountable and countable ]
to be involved in a war against someone, or a fight against something
FL Did opposing sides wage their own kinds of economic wars?
wage 2 verb [ transitive ]
wage war (on somebody/something) The police are waging war on drug pushers in the city.
wage a campaign/struggle/battle etc
The council has waged a vigorous campaign against the proposal.
very different from each other
FL This week you will consider some of the very diverse effects war and revolution had on Irish social life.
di‧verse AC / daɪvɜs $ dəvɜrs, daɪ- / adjective
subjects as diverse as pop music and archaeology
— diversely adverb
if a group of people _______ someone, they refuse to accept them as a member of the group
FL We will look at how dramatically war and revolution could impinge, not least in the use of social ostracisation, while also considering the combatants’ social lives.
os‧tra‧cize ( also ostracise British English ) / ɒstrəsaɪz $ ɑ- / verb [ transitive ]
She was afraid that if she spoke up her colleagues would ostracize her.
He was ostracized by the other students.
— ostracism / -sɪz ə m / noun [ uncountable ] :
He suffered years of ostracism.
someone who fights in a war
FL We will look at how dramatically war and revolution could impinge, not least in the use of social ostracisation, while also considering the combatants’ social lives.
com‧ba‧tant / kɒmbətənt $ kəmbætnt / noun [ countable ]
something that makes you feel better when you are sad or disappointed
FL Where did people seek consolation?
con‧so‧la‧tion / kɒnsəleɪʃ ə n $ kɑn- / noun [ uncountable and countable ]
consolation for/to
The only consolation for the team is that they get a chance to play the game again.
If it’s any consolation , things do get easier as the child gets older.
He had the consolation of knowing that he couldn’t have done any better.
be little/no consolation
The fact that there has been a reduction in crime is little consolation to victims of crime.
1 water-_______ /sea-_____– /air-___—-etc carried by water, the sea, air etc
2 be _________ in on/upon somebody if a fact is _______ in on someone, they realize that it is true
the past participle of bear
FL It also encourages us to consider these issues in terms of the individual consequences of war and revolution, which is where, ultimately, the costs of both are most obviously borne.
borne 2 adjective
1 water-borne diseases
borne 1 / bɔn $ bɔrn / the past participle of bear
1 [ usually singular ] the number of people killed or injured in a particular accident, by a particular illness etc
2 a very bad effect that something has on something or someone over a long period of time
3 the money you have to pay to use a particular road, bridge etc
4 the sound of a large bell ringing slowly
FL We will look at personal loss; the toll fighting took; the personal prices people paid, but also the things that may have shaped their lives beyond war and revolution at this point.
toll 1 / təʊl $ toʊl / noun [ countable ]
1 The death toll has risen to 83.
The bombings took a heavy toll , killing hundreds of Londoners.
2 toll on
Years of smoking have taken their toll on his health.
a heavy toll on the environment
