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English Oksana > Words 10 > Flashcards

Words 10 Flashcards

1
Q

a long steady look

A

gaze 2 noun [ singular ]

She felt embarrassed under his steady gaze.

lower/drop your gaze
Ellen smiled uncomfortably and lowered her gaze.

meet sb’s gaze (= look directly at someone who is looking at you )
He didn’t dare to meet her gaze.

COLLOCATIONS

verbs
lower/drop your gaze (= look down ) Her eyes met his and she immediately dropped her gaze.

avert your gaze (= look away ) Miller averted his eyes from the beggars that lined the streets.

meet sb’s gaze (= look at someone who is looking at you ) He said nothing, but met her gaze.

hold sb’s gaze (= keep looking at someone who is looking at you ) He held her gaze for a few seconds, then continued eating.

avoid sb’s gaze (= not look at someone ) I avoided his gaze and just looked out of the window.

fix your gaze on somebody/something (= look at someone or something continuously ) He fixed his gaze on the wall behind her.

keep your gaze (fixed) on somebody/something (= keep looking at someone or something ) I kept my gaze fixed on the television and didn’t look at him as he left the room.

sb’s gaze falls on somebody/something (= someone looks at someone or something ) Fisher’s gaze fell on Mr. Grant.

sb’s gaze moves/travels/shifts/sweeps etc His gaze travelled over the still water to the other side of the lake.

adjectives

a steady gaze (= a look in which you do not look away ) Jess felt embarrassed under his steady gaze.

an intense gaze (= when someone looks at someone or something with concentration ) His intense gaze never left Delaney.

a piercing gaze (= a look that seems to see what you are thinking ) He fixed the boy with a piercing gaze and waited for his response.

a steely gaze (= a determined look ) He fixed a steely gaze on his opponent.

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2
Q

1 a quick look at someone or something that does not allow you to see them clearly

2 a short experience of something that helps you begin to understand it

A

glimpse 1 / ɡlɪmps / noun [ countable ]

1 glimpse of
They caught a glimpse of a dark green car.

brief/fleeting/quick glimpse (= a very short look )
We only had a fleeting glimpse of the river.

2 glimpse of/into/at
a glimpse of what life might be like in the future

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3
Q

1 in the ___________ of something

a) if you are in the _________ of an event or situation, it is happening around you
b) in the middle of a place or a group of things or people

2 in our/their _________ formal
in a particular group

A

midst 1 / mɪdst / noun

1 in the midst of something

a) The government is in the midst of a major crisis.
b) We were sitting in the midst of an elegant and well-dressed audience.

2 in our/their midst formal
I fear we have an enemy in our midst.

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4
Q

1 slow or awkward because of being very big and heavy

2 boring, very serious, and seeming to progress very slowly

A

pon‧der‧ous / pɒnd ə rəs $ pɑn- / adjective

1 an elephant’s ponderous walk

2 a ponderous and difficult book
The system, though ponderous, works.

— ponderously adverb
— ponderousness noun [ uncountable ]

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5
Q

1 feeling slightly sick and unable to balance, because everything seems to be moving SYN dizzy

2 feeling silly, happy, and excited, or showing this feeling

3 _____ heights
a situation in which you have a lot of success

4 old-fashioned silly and not interested in serious things

A

gid‧dy / ɡɪdi / adjective

1 Greg stared down from the seventh floor and began to feel giddy .

2 giddy with
Sheila felt giddy with excitement.

3 giddy heights
Although she had been quite a successful model, she had never reached the giddy heights of the Paris fashion world.

4 Fiona’s very pretty but a bit giddy.

— giddily adverb
— giddiness noun [ uncountable ]

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6
Q

1 ice-cream/tattoo ___________
a shop or type of business that provides a particular service

2 old-fashioned a room in a house which has comfortable chairs and is used for meeting guests

A

par‧lour British English , parlor American English / pɑlə $ pɑrlər / noun [ countable ]

1 ice-cream/tattoo parlour

→ milking parlour

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7
Q

1 your ____________ feelings, desires etc
are your most personal and secret ones

2 formal furthest inside or nearest to the centre OPP outermost

A

in‧ner‧most / ɪnəməʊst $ -nərmoʊst / adjective [ only before noun ]

1 your innermost feelings, desires etc
a man who would never share his innermost thoughts with anyone

2 formal
the innermost depths of the cave

innermost [ only before noun ] your innermost feelings, thoughts etc are your most private ones : Counselling often encourages you to reveal your innermost thoughts.

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8
Q

the official right to have or do something, or the amount that you have a right to receive

A

en‧ti‧tle‧ment / ɪntaɪtlmənt / noun [ uncountable and countable ]

entitlement to
Do you need advice on your entitlement to state benefits?

benefit/holiday/pension etc entitlement
The paid holiday entitlement is 25 days.

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9
Q

1 mysterious and threatening

2 looking thoughtful and sad

A

brood‧ing / brudɪŋ / adjective literary

1 the brooding silence of the forest

2 brooding eyes

— broodingly adverb

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10
Q

formal a warning that something may not be completely true, effective etc

A

ca‧ve‧at / kæviæt, keɪv- / noun [ countable ]

formal
caveat that
She will be offered treatment, with the caveat that it may not work.

caveat formal a warning that something may not be completely true, effective etc. Also used when pointing out that it is important to remember something : The woman was offered treatment, but with the caveat that it had only a 30% chance of success. | One caveat is that you must take the goods back to the shop within 14 days. | There is one important caveat to this argument.

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11
Q

1 directly and firmly

2 completely and with no doubt

3 straight on something and centrally SYN square

4 at 90° to a line SYN square

A

square‧ly / skweəli $ skwer- / adverb

1 He turned and faced her squarely.
She hit him squarely on the nose.

2 The blame lies squarely on the shoulders of the police.

3 SYN square :
Dr Soames jammed his hat squarely on his head.

4 SYN square

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12
Q

the practice of criticizing people who are very successful

A

tall poppy syndrome noun [ uncountable ] British English

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13
Q

1 an _________ quality or ability is something you are born with

2 an __________ belief is something you feel strongly about and are unlikely to change

A

in‧nate / ɪneɪt◂ / adjective

1 an innate quality or ability
Children have an innate ability to learn language.

2 an innate belief
the innate conservatism of the farming community

— innately adverb :
the army’s innately conservative values

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14
Q

1 to make a ___ of a particular area

2 to discover or show information about something, especially about its shape or arrangement, or how it moves or works

___ ____ something phrasal verb
to match something or have a direct relationship with something

___ something ↔ ___ phrasal verb
to plan carefully how something will happen

A

map 2 verb ( past tense and past participle mapped , present participle mapping ) [ transitive ]

1 He spent the next fifteen years mapping the Isle of Anglesey.

2 The points at which stress and anxiety emerge can be mapped.

map onto something phrasal verb

map something ↔ out phrasal verb
Her own future had been mapped out for her by wealthy and adoring parents.

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15
Q

1 prepare somebody
to prepare someone for a situation so that they know what to do

2 a gun
to prepare a gun or bomb so that it can fire or explode

3 paint
to put a special layer of paint on a surface, in order to prepare it for the next layer

4 _____ the pump informal
to encourage a business, industry, or activity to develop by putting money or effort into it

5 water
to pour water into a water pump in order to make it ready to work

A

prime 3 verb [ transitive ]

1 prime somebody with something
Did you prime her with what to say?

prime somebody for something
He had a shower and primed himself for action.

prime somebody to do something
He had been primed to say nothing about it.

3 All metal surfaces will have to be primed.

4 prime the pump informal

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16
Q

1 to reduce the bad effects of something

2 if a computer __________s information, it holds it for a short while before using it

A

buffer 2 verb [ transitive ]

1 Consumer spending is buffering the effects of the recession.

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17
Q

1 stop
to officially stop something from continuing, especially for a short time

2 leave a school/job
to make someone leave their school or job for a short time, especially because they have broken the rules

3 hang formal
to attach something to a high place so that it hangs down

4 _______ judgment
to decide not to make a firm decision or judgment about something until you know more about it

5 _______ disbelief
to try to believe that something is true, for example when you are watching a film or play

6 be _______ed in something technical
if something is _______ed in a liquid or in air, it floats in it without moving

A

sus‧pend AC / səspend / verb [ transitive ]

1 → suspension :
Sales of the drug will be suspended until more tests are completed.
Talks between the two countries have now been suspended.

2 → suspension :
The two police officers have been suspended until an enquiry is carried out.

suspend somebody from something
Dave was suspended from school for a week.

3 suspend something from something
A large light was suspended from the ceiling.

suspend something by something
He was suspended by his feet and beaten with metal bars.

4 suspend judgment

5 suspend disbelief

6 be suspended in something technical

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18
Q

feeling or looking shocked by something you have seen or just found out

A

a‧ghast / əɡɑst $ əɡæst / adjective [ not before noun ] written

aghast at
Everyone was aghast at the verdict.
Hank looked at her aghast.

aghast / əɡɑst $ əɡæst / [ not before noun ] written shocked : She looked aghast at the suggestion.

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19
Q

a unit for measuring the depth of water, equal to six feet or about 1.8 metres

A

fath‧om 1 / fæð ə m / noun [ countable ]

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20
Q

to understand what something means after thinking about it carefully SYN work out

A

fathom 2 ( also fathom out ) verb [ transitive ]

I still can’t fathom out what she meant.

fathom how/why/where etc
Mark couldn’t fathom why she resented him so much.

fathom / fæð ə m / formal to understand what something means or the reasons for something, after thinking carefully about it : She looked at him, puzzled, trying to fathom the reasons for his actions.

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21
Q

9 to avoid developing a relationship with someone

A

keep/hold somebody at arm’s length

Petra keeps all men at arm’s length to avoid getting hurt.

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22
Q

1 a round piece of metal that you use instead of money in some machines

2 formal something that represents a feeling, fact, event etc

3 book/record/gift _____ British English
a special piece of paper that you can exchange for a book, record etc in a shop SYN gift certificate American English

A

to‧ken 1 / təʊkən $ toʊ- / noun [ countable ]

2 a token of your gratitude/respect/appreciation etc
Please accept this gift as a small token of our appreciation. → by the same token at same 1 ( 7 )

3 book/record/gift token British English
a £10 book token

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23
Q

24 to start doing something successfully without any delay

A

hit the ground running

Law graduates are expected to hit the ground running.

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24
Q

if something that is said or written is _____, it is intelligent and strongly stated, without wasting any words OPP long-winded

A

pith‧y / pɪθi / adjective

Press releases must be short and pithy.
a series of pithy quotations

— pithily adverb

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25
Q

we’ll look in more detail at each part of the test

A

we’ll look in more detail at each part of the test

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26
Q

I’ll give you an overview of the whole test so you can get the big picture.

A

I’ll give you an overview of the whole test so you can get the big picture.

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27
Q

It has suddenly hit me that this year I will sit my last ever exams.

A

It has suddenly hit me that this year I will sit my last ever exams.

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28
Q

I have always struggled with the stress of exams

A

I have always struggled with the stress of exams

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29
Q

Even if I have revised as much as possible, my nerves still take over.

A

Even if I have revised as much as possible, my nerves still take over.

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30
Q

to take control of something

A

take over phrasal verb

to take control of something → takeover
take something ↔ over
His only reason for investing in the company was to take it over.
Ruth moved into our apartment and promptly took over.

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31
Q

I find that it’s really easy to shut yourself away for hours on end, going over your notes by yourself and not see anyone all day.

A

I find that it’s really easy to shut yourself away for hours on end, going over your notes by yourself and not see anyone all day.

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32
Q

I’m definitely making the most of seeing as many friends as possible now!

A

I’m definitely making the most of seeing as many friends as possible now!

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33
Q

I love running. I find that it makes a perfect revision break

A

I love running. I find that it makes a perfect revision break

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34
Q

You get to spend time outside in the fresh air, which helps your brain recover from all those hours of studying.

A

You get to spend time outside in the fresh air, which helps your brain recover from all those hours of studying.

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35
Q

You can make sure that you understand everything properly, as well as picking up new ideas that maybe you hadn’t thought of before.

A

You can make sure that you understand everything properly, as well as picking up new ideas that maybe you hadn’t thought of before.

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36
Q

And it means you get to spend extra time with your friends, too!

A

And it means you get to spend extra time with your friends, too!

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37
Q

1 if you _______ something, it is very important to you

2 to love someone or something very much and take care of them well

A

cher‧ish / tʃerɪʃ / verb [ transitive ]

1 He cherished his privacy.
I cherish the memory of that day.

cherish a hope/an idea/a dream etc
willingness to re-examine cherished beliefs

2 In marriage, a man promises to cherish his wife.
his most cherished possession

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38
Q

literary

a ____________ place is quiet and far away from people SYN remote

A

se‧ques‧tered / sɪkwestəd $ -ərd / adjective [ usually before noun ] literary

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39
Q

formal

1 to keep a person or a group of people away from other people

2 British English to sequestrate

A

se‧ques‧ter / sɪkwestə $ -ər / verb [ transitive usually passive ] formal

1 The jury were sequestered during the trial.

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40
Q

British English formal

to take property away from the person it belongs to because they have not paid their debts

A

se‧ques‧trate / sɪkwestreɪt, sikwə- / ( also se‧ques‧ter / sɪkwestə $ -ər / ) verb [ transitive usually passive ] British English formal

— sequestration / sikwəstreɪʃ ə n, sikwɪstreɪʃ ə n / noun [ uncountable and countable ]

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41
Q

to deliberately avoid someone or something

A

shun / ʃʌn / verb ( past tense and past participle shunned , present participle shunning ) [ transitive ]

a shy woman who shunned publicity
Victims of the disease found themselves shunned by society.

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42
Q

an ___________ statement, argument etc cannot be proved to be wrong, and must be accepted

A

ir‧re‧fu‧ta‧ble / ɪrɪfjutəb ə l◂ $ ɪrefjətəb ə l, ɪrɪfju- / adjective

an irrefutable statement, argument etc → refute
irrefutable evidence/proof/facts
irrefutable proof of his innocence

— irrefutably adverb

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43
Q

the ______ importance/respect/care etc

the greatest possible importance

A

ut‧most 1 / ʌtməʊst $ -moʊst / ( also uttermost ) adjective

the utmost importance/respect/care etc

a matter of the utmost importance
I have the utmost respect for her accomplishments.
Baldwin treated the matter with the utmost seriousness.

44
Q

1 [ uncountable ] polite behaviour and respect for other people SYN politeness OPP dis___________

2 [ countable ] something you do or say to be polite

3 (by) ________ of somebody
by someone’s permission or kindness, rather than by paying them

4 (by) ________ of something
if one thing happens ________ of another, the second thing caused the first

5 do somebody the ________ of doing something
to be polite enough to do something for someone

A

cour‧te‧sy 1 / kɜtəsi, kɜtɪsi $ kɜr- / noun ( plural courtesies )

1 OPP discourtesy :
It’s a matter of common courtesy to acknowledge letters.

have the courtesy to do something
He didn’t even have the courtesy to call and say he couldn’t come.

2 The two men exchanged courtesies before getting down to business.

3 (by) courtesy of somebody
photographs supplied courtesy of Blenheim Palace

4 (by) courtesy of something
Healy received a deep cut on his left hand, courtesy of Nicole’s ice skate.

5 do somebody the courtesy of doing something
At least do me the courtesy of telling the truth.

45
Q

1 a ________ event happens once every two years → annual

2 a _________ plant stays alive for two years
→ annual , perennial

A

bi‧en‧ni‧al / baɪeniəl / adjective

1 a biennial event

2 a biennial plant

— biennially adverb

46
Q

feeling or showing that you wish you had not done something

A

rue‧ful / ruf ə l / adjective

a rueful smile

— ruefully adverb :
He smiled ruefully.

47
Q

1 to cut the wool off a sheep

2 literary to cut off someone’s hair

3 be _____ of something
to have something valuable or important taken away from you

_____ off phrasal verb
if part of something _____s off, or is _____ed off, it suddenly becomes separated, especially after being pulled or hit with a lot of force

A

shear / ʃɪə $ ʃɪr / verb ( past tense sheared , past participle sheared or shorn / ʃɔn $ ʃɔrn / ) [ transitive ]

2 Her long fair hair had been shorn.

3 be shorn of something
Though shorn of some of its powers, the party remains in control.

shear off phrasal verb
shear something ↔ off
The left wing had been almost completely sheared off.

48
Q

the condition of being a slave or being forced to obey someone else SYN slavery

A

ser‧vi‧tude / sɜvətjud, sɜvɪtjud $ sɜrvətud / noun [ uncountable ] formal

49
Q

formal

a pause or stop

A

ces‧sa‧tion / seseɪʃ ə n / noun [ uncountable and countable ] formal

→ cease
cessation of
a cessation of hostilities (= when the fighting stops in a war )

50
Q

1 to happen in a particular way, or to have a particular result, especially one that you did not expect

2 ____ the light ___
to stop the flow of electricity to a light by pressing a switch, pulling a string etc

3 if a lot of people ____ ___ for an event, they go to watch it or take part in it

4 ____ somebody ↔ ___
to force someone to leave a place permanently, especially their home

5 ____ something ↔ ___
to produce or make something

6 well/beautifully/badly etc ____ed ___
dressed in good, beautiful etc clothes

7 ____ something ↔ ___
a) to empty something completely by taking out the contents

b) British English to take out everything in a room, drawer etc and clean the room etc thoroughly

A

turn out phrasal verb

1 turn out well/badly/fine etc
It was a difficult time, but eventually things turned out all right.
To my surprise, it turned out that I was wrong.
As it turned out (= used to say what happened in the end ) , he passed the exam quite easily.

turn out to be something
That guy turned out to be Maria’s second cousin.

2 turn the light out
Don’t forget to turn out the lights when you go!

3 turn out for
About 70% of the population turned out for the election.

turn out to do something
Thousands turned out to watch yesterday’s match against Ireland. → turnout

4 turn somebody ↔ out
If you can’t pay the rent, they turn you out.

5 turn something ↔ out
The factory turns out 300 units a day.

6 well/beautifully/badly etc turned out
elegantly turned-out young ladies

7 turn something ↔ out
a)The policeman made him turn out his pockets.

b) British English
Lea decided to turn out the attic.

51
Q

1 dirt, mud, or another sticky substance that makes something dirty

2 British English waste matter from animals, sometimes put on land to make plants grow better SYN manure

3 British English something that is unpleasant or of very bad quality

4 make a ____ of something British English informal to do something very badly and make a lot of mistakes SYN ____ up

5 as common as ____ British English informal
very common or of a low social class

A

muck 1 / mʌk / noun [ uncountable ] informal

1 Come on, let’s wipe that muck off your face.

2 British English
special machinery for spreading muck onto the fields
dog muck

3 British English
How can you eat that muck? It looks disgusting.
I’m not surprised she left. He treated her like muck (= very badly ) .

4 make a muck of something British English informal SYN muck up :
I really made a muck of the exam.

5 as common as muck British English informal

52
Q

a situation in which there are very few of something that people want or need

A

dearth / dɜθ $ dɜrθ / noun [ singular ]

dearth of
a dearth of job opportunities

53
Q

if people ____ __, they get into a vehicle very quickly

A 
pile in  ( also   pile into something )   phrasal verb 
 Pierre came to pick them up, and they all piled in.
54
Q

a soldier standing outside a building as a guard

A

sen‧try / sentri / noun ( plural sentries ) [ countable ]

55
Q

to put soldiers in a private house to live there temporarily

A

billet 2 verb [ transitive ]

56
Q

behaving as if you want to keep something secret SYN secretive

A

fur‧tive / fɜtɪv $ fɜr- / adjective

There was something furtive about his actions.

furtive glances/looks
Chris kept stealing furtive glances at me.

— furtively adverb :
She opened the door and looked furtively down the hall.
— furtiveness noun [ uncountable ]

57
Q

1 to take hold of something and pull it several times

2 to take smoke from a pipe or cigarette into your lungs

3 to take a long drink from a bottle or glass

A

pull at/on something phrasal verb

1 Mary was pulling nervously at her hair.

2 He pulled hard on the cigarette.

58
Q

feeling that you have had enough or too much of something, especially food or pleasure SYN full

A

sat‧ed / seɪtəd, seɪtɪd / adjective literary

— sate verb [ transitive ] :
He had sated his lust.

59
Q

a mysterious, exciting, or desirable quality

A

al‧lure / əljʊə $ əlʊr / noun [ singular, uncountable ]

allure of
the allure of foreign travel
At 50, she had lost none of her sexual allure.

— allure verb [ transitive ] :
harmonies that never fail to allure the listener
— alluring adjective :
the alluring magic of Hong Kong
— allurement noun [ uncountable and countable ]

60
Q

1 to notice or understand something by thinking about it carefully

2 to be able to see something by looking carefully SYN perceive

A

di‧scern / dɪsɜn $ -ɜrn / verb [ transitive not in progressive ] formal

1 discern what/where/why etc
Officials were keen to discern how much public support there was.

2 We could just discern a town in the distance.

— discernible adjective
— discernibly adverb

discern / dɪsɜn $ -ɜrn / formal to notice or understand something by looking carefully or thinking about it carefully : I thought I discerned a faint gleam of hope in his eyes. | A number of differences can be discerned in the data for the three countries.

61
Q

the crime of killing a child

A

in‧fan‧ti‧cide / ɪnfæntəsaɪd, ɪnfæntɪsaɪd / noun [ uncountable ]

62
Q

to gradually become smaller, less, weaker etc and then come to an end

A

perter / pitə $ -ər / verb

peter out phrasal verb

The road became narrower and eventually petered out.
Public interest in the environment is in danger of petering out.

63
Q

to use all of something

A

use something ↔ up phrasal verb

She’s used up all the hot water.

64
Q

a state or period in which there is no change or development

A

sta‧sis / steɪsəs, steɪsɪs $ steɪ-, stæ- / noun [ uncountable ] technical or formal

65
Q

1 to give a particular quality to something

2 to give information, knowledge, wisdom etc to someone

A

im‧part / ɪmpɑt $ -ɑrt / verb [ transitive ] formal

1 Use a piece of fresh ginger to impart a Far-Eastern flavour to simple ingredients.

2 She had information that she couldn’t wait to impart.

66
Q

if a problem or feeling ___s ________ different groups of people, they are all affected by it

A

cut across something phrasal verb

Domestic violence seems to cut across most social divisions.

67
Q

1 formal intended to be useful and practical rather than attractive or comfortable

2 based on a belief in utilitarianism

A

u‧til‧i‧tar‧i‧an / jutɪləteəriən, jutɪlɪteəriən $ -ter- / adjective

1 formal
ugly utilitarian buildings

68
Q

the political belief that an action is good if it helps the largest number of people

A

u‧til‧i‧tar‧i‧an‧is‧m / jutɪləteəriənɪz ə m, jutɪlɪteəriənɪz ə m $ -ter- / noun [ uncountable ]

69
Q

to plan or invent a new way of doing something

A

de‧vise / dɪvaɪz / verb [ transitive ]

She devised a method for quicker communications between offices.

COLLOCATIONS
nouns
devise a method/way Our aim is to devise a way to improve quality and reduce costs.
devise a means (= think of a way ) We must devise a means of transport that does not pollute the atmosphere.
devise a system How do you devise a system of testing students that is completely fair?
devise a plan/scheme Together they devised a clever plan to escape.
devise a strategy The region is keen to devise a strategy to develop tourism.
devise a solution Representatives met to discuss the crisis and devise solutions.
devise a programme Your trainer will devise an exercise programme for you to follow.
devise an experiment/test He devised a series of experiments to test his theory.

70
Q

1 vehicle
a large vehicle that is decorated to drive through the streets as part of a special event

2 drink American English
a sweet drink that has ice cream floating in it

3
for fishing
a small light object that _____s on the surface of the water, used by people trying to catch fish to show where their line is

4 for swimming
a flat light object that you can rest part of your body on in water to help you learn to swim

5 money
a small amount of money that someone in a shop keeps so that they have enough money to give change to people

6 business
a time when share s in a company are made available for people to buy for the first time SYN flotation

7 relaxation a time when you sit in a flotation tank in order to treat illness or injury, or to relax

A

float 2 noun [ countable ]

1 We stood and watched the Carnival floats drive past.

71
Q

1 to form a wrong or unfair opinion about a person or a situation

2 to guess an amount or distance wrongly SYN miscalculate

A

mis‧judge / mɪsdʒʌdʒ / verb [ transitive ]

1The government misjudged the mood of the electorate.
I think you’ve misjudged her.

2 I misjudged the speed of the car coming towards me.

— misjudgment ( also misjudgement British English ) noun [ uncountable and countable ] :
He accused the government of a serious foreign policy misjudgement.

72
Q

1 [ countable ] formal an organization or institution, especially a business, shop etc

2 the ________________
the group of people in a society or profession who have a lot of power and influence and are often opposed to any kind of change or new ideas

3 [ uncountable ] the act of starting an organization, relationship, or system

A

es‧tab‧lish‧ment W2 AC / ɪstæblɪʃmənt / noun

1 a top class training establishment

2 the establishment
Young people are supposed to rebel against the Establishment.

the medical/legal/military etc establishment
The public is treated with contempt by the art establishment.

3 establishment of
the establishment of NATO in 1949

COLLOCATIONS
adjectives
an educational establishment (= a school, college etc ) It’s a large educational establishment with over 2,000 pupils.
a medical establishment (= a hospital ) New employees must undergo an examination at a medical establishment nominated by the Company.
a nuclear establishment (= a place where electricity is produced from nuclear fuel ) Local people are against having a nuclear establishment on their doorstep.
a catering establishment (= a restaurant, cafe etc ) She runs a successful catering establishment in Leeds.
a modest establishment formal (= a small business, shop etc ) Mineo’s Pizza House is a modest but busy establishment just off the High Street.

COLLOCATIONS

adjectives
the British/American/Spanish etc establishment (= the people who have power in a particular country ) The affair caused acute embarrassment to the British establishment.
the political establishment (= the political rulers ) His resignation stunned the political establishment.
the military/defence establishment The committee has many political figures who are close to the military establishment.
the scientific establishment Professor Walker’s views are not shared by the scientific establishment.
the medical establishment The measures were introduced despite protests from the medical establishment.
the religious/clerical establishment His teachings were unacceptable to the religious establishment of the time.
the legal establishment Prominent members of the legal establishment have opposed the bill.
the educational establishment The proposals sent shock waves throughout the educational establishment.

73
Q

to work with someone secretly, especially in order to do something dishonest or illegal

A

col‧lude / kəlud / verb [ intransitive ]

collude with
Several customs officials have been accused of colluding with drug traffickers.

collude in
She knew about the plan, and colluded in it.

74
Q

1 ___________ interest
a strong reason for wanting something to happen because you will gain from it

2 _____________ interests
the groups of people who will gain from a plan, project, proposal etc

3 ______ rights, powers, property etc
belong to you and cannot be removed

4 technical
having full rights to own or have something

A

vest‧ed / vestəd, vestɪd / adjective

1 vested interest
Since he owns the strip of land, Cook has a vested interest in the project being approved.

2 vested interests
The proposal faces tough opposition from powerful vested interests.

3 vested rights, powers, property etc
Shareholders have a vested right to 10% per annum.

4 become/get vested (in something)
He only took the job to get vested in the pension fund.

75
Q

providing advice and suggesting solutions to problems

A

con‧sul‧ta‧tive AC / kənsʌltətɪv / adjective [ usually before noun ]

a consultative document

76
Q

to stick firmly to something

___________ to something phrasal verb formal
to continue to behave according to a particular rule, agreement, or belief

A

ad‧here / ədhɪə $ -hɪr / verb [ intransitive ] formal

adhere to
The eggs of these fish adhere to plant leaves.

adhere to something phrasal verb formal

We adhere to the principles of equal rights and freedom of expression for all.
I have adhered strictly to the rules .

77
Q

1 formal to succeed in doing something in spite of difficulties

2 to arrange an event or situation in a clever way, especially secretly or by deceiving people

3 to make or invent something in a skilful way, especially because you need it suddenly

A

con‧trive / kəntraɪv / verb [ transitive ]

1 contrive to do something
Schindler contrived to save more than 1,000 Polish Jews from the Nazis.

2 The lawsuit says oil companies contrived the oil shortage in the 1970s.

3 In 1862, a technique was contrived to take a series of photographs showing stages of movement.

78
Q

to ignore something or treat it as unimportant

A

dis‧re‧gard 1 / dɪsrɪɡɑd $ -ɑrd / verb [ transitive ]

He ordered the jury to disregard the witness’s last statement.
Mark totally disregarded my advice.

79
Q

1 rock [ uncountable ]
a dark grey rock that can easily be split into flat thin pieces

2 on a roof [ countable ] especially British English
a small piece of slate or similar material that is used for covering roofs SYN tile

3 ______ blue/grey
a dark blue or grey colour

4 politics [ countable ] a list of people that voters can choose in an election, or who are being considered for an important job

5 for writing on [ countable ]
a small black board or a flat piece of slate in a wooden frame, used for writing on in the past

6 put something on the _____ British English
old-fashioned to arrange to pay for something later, especially food or drink

A

slate 1 / sleɪt / noun

2 There were several slates missing from the roof.

3 slate blue/grey

6 put something on the slate British English old-fashioned

80
Q

if something ______ you to do something,

it makes you feel very strongly that you must do it → compel

A

im‧pel / ɪmpel / verb ( past tense and past participle impelled , present participle impelling ) [ transitive ] formal

impel somebody to do something
The lack of democracy and equality impelled the oppressed to fight for independence.

81
Q

What can we do when their minds __________?

A

wander

82
Q

1 to begin something in a particular way, or to begin in a particular way

2 to be a particular thing or have a particular quality at the beginning of something, especially when this changes later

3 _____ something ↔ __
to make something begin happening

4 _____ somebody ↔ ___
to help someone begin an activity

5 to begin going somewhere

6 _____ somebody ___ British English informal
to make someone get angry or start laughing, by saying something

A

start off phrasal verb

1 start something ↔ off with something/by doing something
The theater company started off their new season with a Shakespeare play.

start off with something/by doing something
I started off by drawing the flowers I had collected.

2 The puppies start off white, and get their black spots later.

start off as
The games start off as a social event, but players soon become competitive.
I started off as a drummer.

3 start something ↔ off
We’re not sure what starts the process off.

4 start somebody ↔ off

start somebody ↔ off with
He started me off with some stretching exercises.

5 I sat in the car for a few minutes before starting off.

start off to/towards/back etc
She started off to school in her new uniform.

6 start somebody off British English informal
Don’t say that; that’ll just start him off.

start somebody off doing something
He made her jump, and that started her off giggling.

83
Q

most important SYN main

A

prin‧ci‧pal 1 W2 AC / prɪnsəp ə l, prɪnsɪp ə l / adjective [ only before noun ]

His principal reason for making the journey was to visit his family.
Teaching is her principal source of income.
the principal character in the book

→ principally

84
Q

1 [ uncountable ] information that is put into a computer OPP out___

2 [ uncountable and countable ] ideas, advice, money, or effort that you put into a job or activity in order to help it succeed

3 [ uncountable and countable ] technical electrical power that is put into a machine for it to use

A

in‧put 1 W3 AC / ɪnpʊt / noun

1 [ uncountable ] OPP output :
If the input data specified it, the file will close and the process terminates.

2 [ uncountable and countable ]   
input into/to 
Farmers contributed most of the input into the survey. 
input from 
We’ll need input from community nurses.
85
Q

formal

when things are arranged in an order, especially events or actions SYN ordering

A

se‧quenc‧ing AC / sikwənsɪŋ / noun [ uncountable ] formal

— sequence verb [ transitive ]

86
Q

the quality of being real or true

A

au‧then‧tic‧i‧ty / ɔθentɪsəti, ɔθentɪsɪti, -θ ə n- $ ɒ- / noun [ uncountable ]

authenticity of
Archaeological evidence may help to establish the authenticity of the statue.

87
Q

1 something that is ________________ has not been planned or organized, but happens by itself, or because you suddenly feel you want to do it

2 someone who is _______________ does things without planning them first – used to show approval

A

spon‧ta‧ne‧ous / spɒnteɪniəs $ spɑn- / adjective

1 The crowd gave a spontaneous cheer.
My spontaneous reaction was to run away.

— spontaneously adverb :
She laughed spontaneously.

— spontaneity / spɒntniəti, spɒntniɪti, -neɪəti $ spɑn- / noun [ uncountable ]

88
Q

1 a large amount of illegal or stolen goods

2 long/slow ____
something that takes a lot of time and effort

3 for the long ____
until something that will take a long time is done or achieved

4 over the long ____
over a long period of time

5 the amount of fish caught when fishing with a net
→ long-haul , short-haul

A

haul 2 noun [ countable ]

1The gang escaped with a haul worth hundreds of pounds.

haul of
A haul of stolen cars has been seized by police officers.

2 long/slow haul
At last we’ve won our freedom but it’s been a long bitter haul .

3 for the long haul
I’m in this for the long haul (= going to stay involved until the end ) .

4 over the long haul
Over the long haul, these small increases add up.

89
Q

4 over the long ____

over a long period of time

A

4 over the long haul

Over the long haul, these small increases add up.

90
Q

1 make something continue
to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time SYN maintain

2 suffer formal
to suffer damage, an injury, or loss of money

3 food/drink formal
if food or drink _______s a person, animal, or plant, it makes them able to continue living

4 give strength formal
to make someone feel strong and hopeful

5 weight formal
to hold up the weight of something SYN support

6 idea formal
to support an idea or argument, or prove that it is right

A

sus‧tain W3 AC / səsteɪn / verb [ transitive ]

1 She found it difficult to sustain the children’s interest.
He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women.
the policies necessary to sustain economic growth → sustained

2 formal
Two of the firefighters sustained serious injuries.
Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage.
The company has sustained heavy financial losses this year.

3 formal → sustenance :
They gave me barely enough food to sustain me.

4 formal
The thought of seeing her again was all that sustained me.

5 formal
He leant against her so heavily that she could barely sustain his weight.

6 formal
This argument is difficult to sustain.

91
Q

1 a business that provides a particular service for people or organizations

2 an organization or department, especially within a government, that does a specific job

3 by/through the ______ of somebody formal
being done as the result of someone’s help

A

a‧gen‧cy S3 W1 / eɪdʒ ə nsi / noun ( plural agencies ) [ countable ]

1 an advertising/employment/travel etc agency
a local housing agency → dating agency , news agency

2 a UN agency responsible for helping refugees
the Environmental Protection Agency

3 by/through the agency of somebody formal

92
Q

1 consisting of lines, or in the form of a straight line

2 [ only before noun ] relating to length

3 involving a series of connected events, ideas etc, that move or progress from one stage to the next

A

lin‧e‧ar / lɪniə $ -ər / adjective

1 a linear diagram

2 linear measurements

3 linear thinking

— linearly adverb
— linearity / lɪniærəti, lɪniærɪti / noun [ uncountable ] → lateral thinking

93
Q

1 [ countable ] a very deep space between two areas of rock or ice, especially one that is dangerous

2 [ singular ] a big difference between two people, groups, or things SYN gulf

A

chas‧m / kæz ə m / noun

1 [ countable ]
a rope bridge across the chasm

2 [ singular ]
chasm between
the chasm between rich and poor

94
Q

formal

to combine two or more things to form a single new thing

A

con‧flate / kənfleɪt / verb [ transitive ] formal

He conflates two images from Kipling’s short stories in the film.

— conflation / -fleɪʃ ə n / noun [ uncountable and countable ]

95
Q

1 formal someone who first thought of an idea

2 technical a person or animal that lived in the past, to whom someone or something living now is related SYN ancestor

A

pro‧gen‧i‧tor / prəʊdʒenətə, prəʊdʒenɪtə $ proʊdʒenətər / noun [ countable ]

1 formal
progenitor of
a progenitor of cubism

96
Q

1 [ intransitive ] to compete against someone in order to gain something

2 [ transitive ] to argue or state that something is true SYN insist

_______ ____ something phrasal verb
to have to deal with something difficult or unpleasant SYN cope with

A

con‧tend / kəntend / verb

1 contend for
Three armed groups are contending for power.
Inevitably, fights break out between the members of contending groups.

2 contend (that) 
Some astronomers contend that the universe may be younger than previously thought.

contend with something phrasal verb
The rescue team also had bad weather conditions to contend with .

contend formal to claim that something is true, especially when other people disagree with you : Lawyers contend that his back problems were due to an existing injury, not the accident. | It is possible, as Kennedy contends, that her medical condition is caused by her work.

97
Q

clearly separate

A

di‧screte AC / dɪskrit / adjective

The change happens in a series of discrete steps.

— discretely adverb
— discreteness noun [ uncountable ]

98
Q

odds S3 AC / ɒdz $ ɑdz / noun [ plural ]

1 probability the odds how likely it is that something will or will not happen :
The odds are (= it is likely ) that he will commit the same crime again.
the odds of
You can narrow the odds of a nasty accident happening in your home by being more safety-conscious.
the odds against
The odds against a plane crash are around a million to one.
I’m afraid that the odds are heavily against her winning (= it is not likely ) .
What are the odds (= how likely is it ) that they will mess up?
a new company that has beaten the odds and succeeded (= it was not likely to succeed, but it did )
2 difficulties difficulties which make a good result seem very unlikely :
The hospital’s director has been battling against the odds to improve patient care.
The soldiers’ job was to hold on despite impossible odds.
3 be at odds
a) to disagree
be at odds with
Briggs found himself at odds with his colleagues.
be at odds over/on
The two politicians were at odds over what was the truth.
b) if two statements, descriptions, actions etc are at odds with each other, they are different although they should be the same
be at odds with
Mark’s account of what happened is at odds with Dan’s.
She gave him a sweet smile, totally at odds with the look of dislike in her eyes.
4 horse racing etc the numbers that show how much money you will win if you bet on the winner of a horse race or other competition :
The odds are 6–1.
odds of
At odds of 10–1 he bet a hundred pounds.
(at) long/short odds (= high or low numbers, that show a high or low risk of losing )
Everyone was surprised when Desert Zone won the race, at very long odds.
lay/offer (somebody) odds British English :
They are laying odds of 8–1 that the Conservatives will win the next election.
5 it makes no odds British English spoken used to say that what someone does or what happens is not important :
Pay me now or later – it makes no odds.
6 pay over the odds British English informal to pay a higher price than is usual or reasonable :
Most residents live in tiny apartments and pay over the odds for them too.

COLLOCATIONS

adjectives
enormous/considerable/incredible odds He survived a night in the cold water against incredible odds.
great odds (= a lot of difficulties ) We must hope that, despite great odds, we can achieve a peaceful settlement.
impossible/overwhelming odds (= making success seem extremely unlikely ) They face impossible odds simply trying to get an education. | They face overwhelming odds in their struggle to preserve the park.

verbs
beat/overcome/defy the odds (= succeed despite great difficulties ) The baby, born sixteen weeks too early, defied the odds and is celebrating her first birthday.
battle/struggle against the odds (= work hard despite great difficulties ) The Coastguard was battling against the odds to keep the oil spill from reaching the shore.

phrases
against all odds (= despite something seeming very unlikely ) Against all odds, he recovered from his illness.
the odds are stacked against somebody (= there are a lot of difficulties that may prevent someone’s success ) They may be able to build a life for themselves, but the odds are stacked against them.

A

odds S3 AC / ɒdz $ ɑdz / noun [ plural ]

1 probability the odds how likely it is that something will or will not happen :
The odds are (= it is likely ) that he will commit the same crime again.
the odds of
You can narrow the odds of a nasty accident happening in your home by being more safety-conscious.
the odds against
The odds against a plane crash are around a million to one.
I’m afraid that the odds are heavily against her winning (= it is not likely ) .
What are the odds (= how likely is it ) that they will mess up?
a new company that has beaten the odds and succeeded (= it was not likely to succeed, but it did )
2 difficulties difficulties which make a good result seem very unlikely :
The hospital’s director has been battling against the odds to improve patient care.
The soldiers’ job was to hold on despite impossible odds.
3 be at odds
a) to disagree
be at odds with
Briggs found himself at odds with his colleagues.
be at odds over/on
The two politicians were at odds over what was the truth.
b) if two statements, descriptions, actions etc are at odds with each other, they are different although they should be the same
be at odds with
Mark’s account of what happened is at odds with Dan’s.
She gave him a sweet smile, totally at odds with the look of dislike in her eyes.
4 horse racing etc the numbers that show how much money you will win if you bet on the winner of a horse race or other competition :
The odds are 6–1.
odds of
At odds of 10–1 he bet a hundred pounds.
(at) long/short odds (= high or low numbers, that show a high or low risk of losing )
Everyone was surprised when Desert Zone won the race, at very long odds.
lay/offer (somebody) odds British English :
They are laying odds of 8–1 that the Conservatives will win the next election.
5 it makes no odds British English spoken used to say that what someone does or what happens is not important :
Pay me now or later – it makes no odds.
6 pay over the odds British English informal to pay a higher price than is usual or reasonable :
Most residents live in tiny apartments and pay over the odds for them too.

COLLOCATIONS

adjectives
enormous/considerable/incredible odds He survived a night in the cold water against incredible odds.
great odds (= a lot of difficulties ) We must hope that, despite great odds, we can achieve a peaceful settlement.
impossible/overwhelming odds (= making success seem extremely unlikely ) They face impossible odds simply trying to get an education. | They face overwhelming odds in their struggle to preserve the park.

verbs
beat/overcome/defy the odds (= succeed despite great difficulties ) The baby, born sixteen weeks too early, defied the odds and is celebrating her first birthday.
battle/struggle against the odds (= work hard despite great difficulties ) The Coastguard was battling against the odds to keep the oil spill from reaching the shore.

phrases
against all odds (= despite something seeming very unlikely ) Against all odds, he recovered from his illness.
the odds are stacked against somebody (= there are a lot of difficulties that may prevent someone’s success ) They may be able to build a life for themselves, but the odds are stacked against them.

99
Q

ho‧lis‧tic / həʊlɪstɪk $ hoʊ- / adjective

1 considering a person or thing as a whole, rather than as separate parts :
a holistic approach to design
2 holistic medicine/treatment/healing etc medical treatment based on the belief that the whole person must be treated, not just the part of their body that has a disease → alternative medicine

— holistically / -kli / adverb

A

ho‧lis‧tic / həʊlɪstɪk $ hoʊ- / adjective

1 considering a person or thing as a whole, rather than as separate parts :
a holistic approach to design
2 holistic medicine/treatment/healing etc medical treatment based on the belief that the whole person must be treated, not just the part of their body that has a disease → alternative medicine

— holistically / -kli / adverb

100
Q

con‧strue / kənstru / verb [ transitive usually in passive ]

to understand a remark or action in a particular way → misconstrue
construe something as something
comments that could be construed as sexist
The term can be construed in two different ways.

A

con‧strue / kənstru / verb [ transitive usually in passive ]

to understand a remark or action in a particular way → misconstrue
construe something as something
comments that could be construed as sexist
The term can be construed in two different ways.

101
Q

lo‧cus / ləʊkəs $ loʊsaɪ, -ki / noun ( plural loci / ləʊsaɪ $ loʊ- / ) [ countable ] formal

the place where something is particularly known to exist, or which is the centre of something
locus of
The Politburo was the locus of all power in the Soviet Union.

A

lo‧cus / ləʊkəs $ loʊsaɪ, -ki / noun ( plural loci / ləʊsaɪ $ loʊ- / ) [ countable ] formal

the place where something is particularly known to exist, or which is the centre of something
locus of
The Politburo was the locus of all power in the Soviet Union.

102
Q

e‧clec‧tic 1 / ɪklektɪk / adjective

including a mixture of many different things or people, especially so that you can use the best of all of them SYN diverse :
galleries with an eclectic range of styles and artists
an eclectic mixture of 18th and 19th century furniture

— eclectically / -kli / adverb
— eclecticism / -tɪsɪz ə m / noun [ uncountable ]

A

e‧clec‧tic 1 / ɪklektɪk / adjective

including a mixture of many different things or people, especially so that you can use the best of all of them SYN diverse :
galleries with an eclectic range of styles and artists
an eclectic mixture of 18th and 19th century furniture

— eclectically / -kli / adverb
— eclecticism / -tɪsɪz ə m / noun [ uncountable ]

103
Q

wean / win / verb [ transitive ]

to gradually stop feeding a baby or young animal on its mother’s milk and start giving it ordinary food
wean somebody onto something
It’s time to start weaning her onto solid foods.

wean somebody off/from something phrasal verb
to make someone gradually stop doing something you disapprove of :
advice on how to wean yourself off nicotine

be weaned on something phrasal verb
to be influenced by something from a very early age :
I was weaned on a diet of Hollywood fantasy.

A

wean / win / verb [ transitive ]

to gradually stop feeding a baby or young animal on its mother’s milk and start giving it ordinary food
wean somebody onto something
It’s time to start weaning her onto solid foods.

wean somebody off/from something phrasal verb
to make someone gradually stop doing something you disapprove of :
advice on how to wean yourself off nicotine

be weaned on something phrasal verb
to be influenced by something from a very early age :
I was weaned on a diet of Hollywood fantasy.

104
Q

a‧nath‧e‧ma / ənæθəmə, ənæθɪmə / noun [ singular, uncountable ] formal

something that is completely the opposite of what you believe in
anathema to
His political views were anathema to me.

A

a‧nath‧e‧ma / ənæθəmə, ənæθɪmə / noun [ singular, uncountable ] formal

something that is completely the opposite of what you believe in
anathema to
His political views were anathema to me.

105
Q

id‧i‧o‧syn‧cra‧sy / ɪdiəsɪŋkrəsi / noun ( plural idiosyncrasies ) [ countable ]

1 an unusual habit or way of behaving that someone has :
my uncle’s idiosyncrasies
2 an unusual or unexpected feature that something has :
one of the many idiosyncrasies of English spelling

— idiosyncratic / ɪdiəsɪnkrætɪk◂ / adjective

A

id‧i‧o‧syn‧cra‧sy / ɪdiəsɪŋkrəsi / noun ( plural idiosyncrasies ) [ countable ]

1 an unusual habit or way of behaving that someone has :
my uncle’s idiosyncrasies
2 an unusual or unexpected feature that something has :
one of the many idiosyncrasies of English spelling

— idiosyncratic / ɪdiəsɪnkrætɪk◂ / adjective

English Oksana (11 decks)

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