Words 8 Flashcards
1 to begin to sleep
2 ____ somebody/something ↔ ___
to take someone or something to a place by car and leave them there on your way to another place
3 to fall to a lower level or amount
drop off phrasal verb
1 She kept dropping off at her desk.
I must have dropped off to sleep .
2 drop somebody/something ↔ off
I’ll drop you off on my way home.
3 The number of graduates going into teaching has dropped off sharply.
1 [ uncountable ] members of a royal family
2 [ countable usually plural ] a payment made to the writer of a book or piece of music depending on how many books etc are sold, or to someone whose idea, invention etc is used by someone else to make money
roy‧al‧ty / rɔɪəlti / noun ( plural royalties )
1 At school the other children treated them like royalty .
2 the royalties from his latest book
royalty payments
the act or process of governing
gov‧er‧nance / ɡʌvənənsə $ -ər- / noun [ uncountable ] formal
1 to start a journey, especially a long journey
2 to start doing something or making plans to do something in order to achieve a particular result
3 ___ something ↔ ___
to explain ideas, facts, or opinions in a clearly organized way, in writing or in a speech
4 ___ something ↔ ___
to put a group of things down and arrange them
5 ___ ___ __ something
to start doing something, especially something new, difficult, or important
set out phrasal verb
1 set out for
Kate set out for the house on the other side of the bay.
set out on a journey/drive/voyage etc
The band are setting out on a European tour in March.
2 set out to do something
salesmen who deliberately set out to defraud customers
set out with the idea/purpose/intention etc of doing something
They set out with the aim of becoming the number one team in the league.
3 set something ↔ out
He set out the reasons for his decision in his report.
4 set something ↔ out
The market traders began setting out their displays.
5 set out on something
My nephew is just setting out on a career in journalism.
to become more strict in dealing with a problem and punishing the people involved
crack down phrasal verb
crack down on
The government is determined to crack down on terrorism.
The police are cracking down hard on violent crime.
→ crackdown
1 [ countable ] something special that you give someone or do for them because you know they will enjoy it
2 [ singular ] an event that gives you a lot of pleasure and is usually unexpected
3 [ countable ] a special food that tastes good, especially one that you do not eat very often
4 my _____ spoken
used to tell someone that you will pay for something such as a meal for them
5 go down a _____ British English informal
if something goes down a _____, people like it very much
6 look/work a _____ British English informal
to look very good or work very well
treat 2 S3 noun
1 as a treat
Steven took his son to a cricket match as a birthday treat.
2 When we were kids, a trip to the beach was a real treat .
3 The cafe serves an assortment of gourmet treats.
4 my treat spoken
Let’s go out to lunch – my treat.
5 go down a treat British English informal
That new vegetarian restaurant seems to be going down a treat.
6 look/work a treat British English informal
The sports ground looked a treat, with all the flags flying.
1 not definite or certain, and may be changed later SYN provisional OPP definite
2 done without confidence SYN hesitant
ten‧ta‧tive / tentətɪv / adjective
1 I passed on my tentative conclusions to the police.
The government is taking tentative steps towards tackling the country’s economic problems.
2 a tentative smile
— tentatively adverb :
Albi knocked tentatively and entered.
— tentativeness noun [ uncountable ]
1 to avoid giving a direct answer to a question
2 _____ your bets
to reduce your chances of failure or loss by trying several different possibilities instead of one
_____ _______ something phrasal verb
to try to protect yourself against possible problems, especially financial loss
_____ __ phrasal verb
__ _____ed __
1 to be surrounded or enclosed by something
2 if you feel ______ed __ by something, you feel that your freedom is restricted by it
hedge 2 verb ( past tense and past participle hedged , present participle hedging ) [ intransitive and transitive ]
1 You’re hedging again – have you got the money or haven’t you?
‘That depends on my partner,’ she hedged.
2 hedge your bets
It’s a good idea to hedge your bets by applying to more than one college.
hedge against something phrasal verb
Smart managers will hedge against price increases.
hedge in phrasal verb be hedged in
1 The building was hedged in by trees.
things that are for sale, usually not in a shop
wares / weəz $ werz / noun [ plural ] old-fashioned
craftspeople selling their wares
wares noun [ plural ] written things that are offered for sale, especially in a market or on the street : In the market, the traders began selling their wares. | Merchants brought their wares from all over the world.
a very large suitcase that opens into two parts
port‧man‧teau / pɔtmæntəʊ $ pɔrtmæntoʊ / noun ( plural portmanteaus or portmanteaux / -təʊz $ -toʊz / ) [ countable ] old-fashioned
1 especially British English
someone whose job is to control railway signals
2 ( also signaller British English )
a member of the army or navy who is trained to send and receive signals
sig‧nal‧man / sɪɡn ə lmən / noun ( plural signalmen / -mən / ) [ countable ]
1 to prevent something from growing or developing well
2 to make someone feel embarrassed or nervous so that they cannot do or say what they want to
in‧hib‧it AC / ɪnhɪbət, ɪnhɪbɪt / verb [ transitive ]
1 An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
2 inhibit somebody from doing something
Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
1 ____ to do something
if something ____s to happen, it happens often and is likely to happen again
2 ( also ____ to somebody/something ) [ transitive ]
old-fashioned to look after someone or something
3 ____ towards something
to have one particular quality or feature more than others :
4 ____ bar especially American English
to work as a bartender
5 [ intransitive always + adverb/preposition ] formal
to move or develop in a particular direction
tend S1 W1 / tend / verb
1 tend to do something
People tend to need less sleep as they get older.
My car tends to overheat in the summer.
2 ( also tend to somebody/something ) [ transitive ] old-fashioned
Sofia was in the bedroom tending to her son.
3 tend towards something
Charles tends towards obesity.
4 tend bar especially American English
5 [ intransitive always + adverb/preposition ] formal tend upwards/downwards
Interest rates are tending upwards.
1 to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want
2 to make someone feel worried and not confident
in‧tim‧i‧date / ɪntɪmədeɪt, ɪntɪmɪdeɪt / verb [ transitive ]
1 intimidate somebody into doing something
They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them.
Attempts to intimidate her failed.
2 The whole idea of going to Oxford intimidated me.
— intimidation / ɪntɪmədeɪʃ ə n, ɪntɪmɪdeɪʃ ə n / noun [ uncountable ] :
She had endured years of intimidation and violence.
the intimidation of voters
scare especially spoken to frighten someone. Scare is less formal than frighten , and is the usual word to use in everyday English : He was driving fast just to scare us. | It scared him to think that his mother might never recover.
intimidate to deliberately frighten someone, especially so that they will do what you want : Many of the gangs were using dogs to intimidate people.
a small piece of metal that you fire from a gun → shell , shot
bul‧let / bʊlət, bʊlɪt / noun [ countable ]
He was killed by a single bullet.
a bullet wound in the shoulder
Several bullet holes could be seen beside a window.
→ plastic bullet , → bite the bullet at bite 1 ( 9 )
COLLOCATIONS
verbs
fire a bullet Police fired rubber bullets to break up the crowd.
a bullet hits/strikes somebody The first bullet hit him in the back.
a bullet misses somebody/something The bullet narrowly missed her heart.
a bullet enters somebody’s chest/brain etc There was a scar where the bullet had entered his shoulder.
a bullet is lodged in somebody’s chest/brain etc (= is stuck in that part of the body ) Surgeons are trying to remove a bullet lodged in his neck.
a bullet flies (= moves fast ) Bullets were flying around our heads.
a bullet whistles (= moves fast making a noise ) I heard a bullet whistle past me.
a bullet bounces/ricochets off something (= hits something and moves away from it again ) The bullet ricocheted off a wall.
put a bullet through/in something He threatened to put a bullet through my brain.
spray bullets (= fire a lot of bullets ) The soldier lifted the machine gun and sprayed bullets through the trees.
something is riddled with bullets (= something has a lot of bullets in it ) The car was riddled with bullets.
adjectives
a stray bullet (= one that someone fires by mistake ) He was tragically killed by a stray bullet.
a rubber/plastic bullet (= one made of rubber/plastic, not designed to kill ) Riot police fired plastic bullets into the air.
an explosive bullet An explosive bullet is a very unpleasant weapon.
bullet + NOUN
a bullet wound He died from a bullet wound to his chest.
a bullet hole There were two bullet holes in the windscreen.
phrases
a hail/volley of bullets (= a lot of bullets fired all together ) Officers were met by a hail of bullets from the house.
1 ___________ violence/conflict/murder etc
violence etc that is related to the strong feelings of people who belong to different religious groups
2 American English supporting a particular religious group and its beliefs
sec‧tar‧i‧an / sekteəriən $ -ter- / adjective
1 sectarian violence/conflict/murder etc
people on both sides of the sectarian divide in Northern Ireland
2 a sectarian school
— sectarianism noun [ uncountable ]
1 [ uncountable and countable ] the act of suddenly taking control of something, especially by force
2 [ uncountable and countable ] when the police or government officers take away illegal goods such as drugs or guns
3 [ countable ] a sudden condition in which someone cannot control the movements of their body, which continues for a short time SYN fit
sei‧zure / siʒə $ -ər / noun
1 seizure of
the fascist seizure of power in 1922
2 drugs seizures
3 He had an epileptic seizure .
an act of ___________ting something, or the period of time when it is _________ted
boycott 2 noun [ countable ]
They are now trying to organize a boycott .
boycott of/on/against
a boycott on GM crops
He called for a boycott of the elections.
to refuse to buy something, use something, or take part in something as a way of protesting
boy‧cott 1 / bɔɪkɒt $ -kɑt / verb [ transitive ]
We boycott all products tested on animals.
boycott to protest about the actions of a company, country, or industry by refusing to buy something, or refusing to go to a place or event : They may boycott the next Olympic Games. | Shoppers are boycotting battery-farmed eggs.
to officially prevent someone from doing something SYN ban
de‧bar / dɪbɑ $ -bɑr / verb ( past tense and past participle debarred , present participle debarring ) [ transitive usually passive ] formal
debar somebody from (doing) something
All five men were debarred from entering France for three years.
to make a judgment about something or someone SYN judge
ad‧judge / ədʒʌdʒ / verb [ transitive usually passive ] formal
The reforms of 1979 were generally adjudged to have failed.
1 [ intransitive ] American English informal
if two statements, reports etc ____ with each other, the information in them matches
2 [ intransitive + at ] to say something that is intended to make someone seem silly
jibe 2 verb
1 jibe with
His report did not jibe with the facts.
to reduce or limit something SYN
cur‧tail / kɜteɪl $ kɜr- / verb [ transitive ] formal
The new law will curtail police powers.
severely/drastically curtail
Budget cuts have drastically curtailed training programs.
— curtailment noun [ uncountable and countable ]
to prevent something from continuing in its usual way by causing
dis‧rupt / dɪsrʌpt / verb [ transitive ]
Traffic was disrupted by a hoax bomb.
Climate change could disrupt the agricultural economy.
to think of something in a particular way or as having a particular quality SYN consider
deem / dim / verb [ transitive not in progressive ] formal
deem that
They deemed that he was no longer capable of managing the business.
deem something necessary/appropriate etc
They were told to take whatever action they deemed necessary.
be deemed to be something
They were deemed to be illegal immigrants.
be deemed to do something
UK plans were deemed to infringe EU law.
to do something that is against a law or someone’s legal rights
___________ on/upon something phrasal verb
to limit someone’s freedom in some way
in‧fringe / ɪnfrɪndʒ / verb [ transitive ]
A backup copy of a computer program does not infringe copyright.
— infringement noun [ uncountable and countable ] :
the infringement of human rights
infringe on/upon something phrasal verb
Some students argued that the rule infringed on their right to free speech.
4 used to say that something is happening or is true now but will probably change in the future
4 for the moment
Well, for the moment we’re just friends.
For the moment the rain had stopped.
refusing to do what someone tells you to do
de‧fi‧ant / dɪfaɪənt / adjective
Mark smashed a fist on the desk in a defiant gesture.
— defiantly adverb
allow someone to do something that is not normally allowed
bend/stretch the rules
They bend the rules to suit themselves.
1 series
a _____ of events is a series of related events, which are part of a longer process
2 competition
one of the parts of a competition that you have to finish or win before you can go on to the next part → heat , stage
3 regular activities
_____ of something
a _____ of activities is a regular series of activities, especially activities that are not very exciting
4 visits
_____s [ plural ]
the usual visits that someone, especially a doctor, regularly makes as part of their job
5 _____ of applause
when people clap for a short time to show that they enjoyed something or approve of something
6 golf
a complete game of
7 boxing/wrestling
one of the periods of fighting in a boxing or wrestling match
8 drinks
if you buy a _____ of drinks in a bar, you buy drinks for all the people in your group
9 do the _____s British English informal , make the _____s American English ( also go the _____s British English )
if a story, idea, or illness does the _____s, it is passed on from one person to another
10 do the _____s of something British English , make the _____s of something American English
to go around from one place to another, especially looking for work or advertising something
11 gun shot a single shot from a gun, or a bullet for one shot
12 circle
something that has a circular shape
13 food/newspapers/letters etc British English a regular visit to a number of houses, offices etc to deliver or sell things
14 song
a song for three or four singers, in which each one sings the same tune, starting at a different time
15 _____ of sandwiches British English
sandwiches made from two whole pieces of bread
16 _____ of toast British English
one whole piece of bread that has been toast ed
17 in the _____ a play that is performed in the round is performed on a central stage surrounded by the people watching it
round 3 noun [ countable ]
1 series a round of events is a series of related events, which are part of a longer process
round of
a third round of peace talks
the Government’s latest round of expenditure cuts
2 competition one of the parts of a competition that you have to finish or win before you can go on to the next part → heat , stage
the first/final/next/qualifying etc round
I got beaten in the first round.
Two of their candidates made it through to the next round.
round of
the final round of the championship
3 regular activities round of something a round of activities is a regular series of activities, especially activities that are not very exciting :
an endless round of meetings and interviews
He continued with his usual round of private and business engagements.
the daily round of commuting and shopping
4 visits rounds [ plural ] the usual visits that someone, especially a doctor, regularly makes as part of their job
be (out) on your rounds
I’m sorry. The doctor is out on her rounds.
5 round of applause when people clap for a short time to show that they enjoyed something or approve of something :
She got a big round of applause .
The passengers gave the pilot a round of applause .
6 golf a complete game of golf :
I played a round of golf on Sunday morning.
7 boxing/wrestling one of the periods of fighting in a boxing or wrestling match
8 drinks if you buy a round of drinks in a bar, you buy drinks for all the people in your group
it’s my/your etc round (= used to say whose turn it is to buy drinks for all the people in your group )
What are you having? It’s my round.
9 do the rounds British English informal , make the rounds American English ( also go the rounds British English ) if a story, idea, or illness does the rounds, it is passed on from one person to another :
a joke doing the rounds
10 do the rounds of something British English , make the rounds of something American English to go around from one place to another, especially looking for work or advertising something :
Ryan is making the rounds of talk shows to promote her new movie.
11 gun shot a single shot from a gun, or a bullet for one shot :
I’ve only got ten rounds of ammunition left.
Richards fired a few rounds .
12 circle something that has a circular shape :
Slice the potatoes into rounds.
13 food/newspapers/letters etc British English a regular visit to a number of houses, offices etc to deliver or sell things
paper/milk round (= a job in which you deliver newspapers, milk etc to people’s houses )
I used to do a paper round .
14 song a song for three or four singers, in which each one sings the same tune, starting at a different time
15 round of sandwiches British English sandwich es made from two whole pieces of bread
16 round of toast British English one whole piece of bread that has been toast ed
17 in the round a play that is performed in the round is performed on a central stage surrounded by the people watching it
COLLOCATIONS
phrases
a round of talks/negotiations/meetings A second round of talks got under way this week.
a round of voting In the first round of voting he took 44.5 percent of the vote,
a round of cuts (= when a government or a company reduces the size or amount of something ) The President is likely to approve a new round of cuts in military forces.
a round of layoffs (= when people are told to leave their jobs ) The latest round of layoffs could bring its labor force down to 60,000.
a round of violence What has prompted the latest round of violence?
1 organize [ transitive ]
to plan, organize, and begin an event or a course of action
2 increase [ intransitive usually in progressive ] to increase gradually in amount or degree
3 horse/bicycle [ intransitive and transitive ] formal
to get on a horse or bicycle OPP dis___________
4 go up [ transitive ] formal
to go up a step or stairs
5 picture [ transitive ] to fix a picture to a larger piece of stiff paper so that it looks more attractive
6 sex [ transitive ] technical
if a male animal _____s a female animal, he gets up onto her back to have sex → mounted
_____ __ phrasal verb
to gradually increase in amount
mount 1 / maʊnt / verb
1 The National Gallery mounted an exhibition of Danish painting.
mount a campaign/challenge/search etc
Friends of the Earth are mounting a campaign to monitor the illegal logging of trees.
mount an assault/attack
Guerrillas have mounted an attack on the capital.
2 Tension here is mounting , as we await the final result.
Casualties on both sides of the battle have continued to mount.
3 He mounted his horse and rode on.
4 He mounted the stairs and looked around him slowly.
A car suddenly mounted the pavement to avoid a vehicle coming in the opposite direction.
5 mount something on/onto something
Entries to the photography competition should be mounted on white paper.
mount up phrasal verb
At £6 a ticket, the cost quickly mounts up.
hin‧der / hɪndə $ -ər / verb [ transitive ]
to make it difficult for something to develop or succeed SYN hamper
hin‧der / hɪndə $ -ər / verb [ transitive ]
His career has been hindered by injury.
policies that will hinder rather than help families ► Do not confuse with prevent (=to make it impossible for someone to do something) : His poor health prevented him from going to work (NOT His poor health hindered him from going to work).
Register
In everyday English, people often say something gets in the way of something rather than hinders it:
This could get in the way of rescue attempts.
Poor English got in the way of his progress.
1 in the _____ of something
a) if you are in the _____ of an event or situation, it is happening around you
b) in the middle of a place or a group of things or people
2 in our/their _____ formal
in a particular group
midst 1 / mɪdst / noun
1 in the midst of something
a) The government is in the midst of a major crisis.
b) We were sitting in the midst of an elegant and well-dressed audience.
2 in our/their midst formal
I fear we have an enemy in our midst.
1 a place in a road where the traffic cannot pass easily, so that there are a lot of delays
2 a delay in one stage of a process that makes the whole process take
bot‧tle‧neck / bɒtlnek $ bɑ- / noun [ countable ]
2 Understaffing has caused a real bottleneck.
to separate a road, room etc from the area around it so that people cannot go there or use it
close something ↔ off phrasal verb
The roads into the docks were closed off by iron gates.
1 choose
to choose someone or something from a group
2 recognize
to recognize someone or something in a group of people or things
3 see
if you can ____ something __, you can see it but not very clearly
4 shown clearly [ usually passive ]
if something is ____ed ___, it is in a different colour or material from the background, so that it can be clearly seen
5 play a tune
to play a tune on a musical instrument slowly or with difficulty
pick somebody/something ↔ out phrasal verb
1 She picked out a navy blue dress.
His story was picked out as the best by the judges.
2 She was able to pick out her father at the other side of the room.
I picked out Valerie’s voice from among the general conversation.
3 I could just pick out some letters carved into the stone.
4 His name was picked out in gold lettering.
5 He sat at the piano and picked out a simple tune.
a colourless gas that is found in small quantities in the air and is used in glass tubes to produce a bright light in electric advertising signs. It is a chemical element : symbol Ne
ne‧on / niɒn $ -ɑn / noun [ uncountable ]
neon lights/signs (= ones that use neon )
the neon lights of Las Vegas
A neon sign flashed on and off above the door.
produced or existing in large quantities
pro‧fuse / prəfjus / adjective
He made profuse apologies .
Profuse sweating is one of the symptoms of heat exhaustion.
— profusely adverb :
The wound was bleeding profusely.
— profuseness noun [ uncountable ]
formal
1 [ countable ] a business deal or action, such as buying or selling something
2 [ uncountable ] the process of doing business
3 ____________s [ plural ] discussions that take place at the meetings of an organization, or a written record of these
trans‧ac‧tion S3 W3 / trænzækʃ ə n / noun formal
1 The bank charges a fixed rate for each transaction.
financial transactions
2 the transaction of his public duties
beautiful, bright, and impressive in appearance
re‧splen‧dent / rɪsplendənt / adjective formal
resplendent in
She looked resplendent in a silk dress.
— resplendently adverb
to improve something
en‧hance W3 AC / ɪnhɑns $ ɪnhæns / verb [ transitive ]
Good lighting will enhance any room.
The publicity has enhanced his reputation .
— enhancer noun [ countable ] :
flavor enhancers
— enhancement noun [ uncountable and countable ]
1 ____ something ↔ __
to ____ a switch on a machine such as an oven , radio etc so that it produces more heat, sound etc OPP ____ down
2 to be found, especially by chance, after having been lost or searched for
3 to arrive at a place, especially in a way that is unexpected
4 if an opportunity or situation ____s up, it happens, especially when you are not expecting it
5 ____ something ↔ __
to find something by searching for it thoroughly
6 ____ something ↔ __ British English
to shorten a skirt, trousers etc by folding up the bottom and sewing it
turn up phrasal verb
1 turn something ↔ up
Turn the oven up to 220.
Turn up the radio!
2 Eventually my watch turned up in a coat pocket.
3 You can’t just turn up and expect a meal.
turn up late/early/on time etc
Steve turned up late, as usual.
4 Don’t worry, I’m sure a job will turn up soon.
5 turn something ↔ up
The police investigation hasn’t turned up any new evidence.
6 turn something ↔ up British English
→ turn up trumps at trump 1 ( 4 )
American English spoken
1 very drunk
2 completely destroyed
trashed / træʃt / adjective American English spoken
1 We got trashed last night.
2 We need a new map – this one’s trashed.
1 [ uncountable ] the business of selling and sending goods to other countries OPP import
2 [ countable usually plural ] a product that is sold to another country OPP import
ex‧port 1 W2 AC / ekspɔt $ -ɔrt / noun
1 export of
a ban on the export of toxic waste
for export
bales of cloth for export to the continent
2 Wheat is one of the country’s main exports.
COLLOCATIONS
export + NOUN
an export market The US is Scotland’s second largest export market after France.
export trade Most of its export trade is with Russia.
export earnings/revenue (= the money a company or country makes from exports ) Oil and gas provide 40% of Norway’s export earnings.
export sales/figures (= the total number of products that are sold to other countries ) Export sales exceeded 50% of the company’s total turnover. | Hong Kong is a major trading power, with annual export figures rivalling those of Germany.
an export licence (= an official document giving you permission to sell something to another country ) You will have to submit an application for an export licence.
export controls/restrictions/quotas (= official limits on the number of exports ) The European Parliament wants tougher export controls on certain goods. | The number of goods subject to import and export quotas is being reduced.
an export ban ( also a ban on exports ) During the crisis, France imposed an export ban on British beef. | The ban on exports was lifted in June.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + export
the major/main/principal export Agricultural products are the country’s principal exports.
oil/agricultural/manufacturing exports Oil exports from Iraq have resumed.
British/US etc exports Higher tariffs will affect a wide range of British exports.
invisible exports (= services that are exported, such as banking or insurance, rather than a product ) The City of London is important to the invisible exports of this country.
verbs
boost exports (= increase them ) The measures should boost exports and create employment.
encourage exports (= make them more likely to exist ) Kenya used subsidies to encourage exports.
reduce exports OPEC has threatened to reduce exports of oil to the West.
restrict exports (= limit or control them ) The government threatened to restrict exports because of weak demand.
ban exports (= stop them completely ) In retaliation, Britain banned exports of cloth to France.
exports increase/rise/grow Electronics exports grew more slowly than in previous years.
exports fall/decline/drop Exports of gas and oil continued to fall while imports of raw materials have risen.
exports account for something (= form a particular part of a total ) Exports currently account for 37% of sales.
phrases
a growth/rise/increase in exports The electronics sector has seen a 16% growth in exports.
a fall/decline/drop in exports There has been a decline in exports and an increase in oil prices.
1 British English heavy cotton cloth that is usually white
2 American English light cotton cloth with a small printed pattern
3 _______ cat American English a cat that has black, white, and brown fur
cal‧i‧co / kælɪkəʊ $ -koʊ / noun [ uncountable ]
1 at a party someone at a party, meal etc who has invited the guests and who provides the food, drink etc → hostess
2 on television/radio
someone who introduces and talks to the guests on a television or radio programme SYN compere British English
3 country/city
a country, city, or organization that provides the necessary space, equipment etc for a special event
4 a (whole) \_\_\_\_ of people/things a large number of people or things
5 in church
the ____ technical the bread that is used in the Christian ceremony of Communion
6 animal/plant technical
an animal or plant on which a smaller animal or plant is living as a parasite
host 1 W3 / həʊst $ hoʊst / noun [ countable ]
1 → hostess :
Our host greeted us at the door.
2 a game show host
3 host country/government/city etc
the host city for the next Olympic Games
play host (to something) (= provide the place, food etc for a special meeting or event ) The gallery is playing host to an exhibition of sculpture.
4 a (whole) host of people/things A host of show business celebrities have pledged their support.
5 the Host technical the bread that is used in the Christian ceremony of Communion
existing only in small amounts
sparse / spɑs $ spɑrs / adjective
his sparse brown hair
rural areas with sparse populations
— sparsely adverb :
a sparsely populated area
— sparseness noun [ uncountable ]
1 an ____ room or building has plenty of fresh air because it is large or has a lot of windows
2 done in a happy and confident way, even when you should be serious or worried
air‧y / eəri $ eri / adjective
1 an airy room or building
All the hotel’s bedrooms are light and airy.
2 He dismissed her concerns with an airy wave of the hand.
be/lie/sit ________ (out)
to be lying or sitting with your arms or legs stretched out in a lazy or careless way
sprawled / sprɔld $ sprɒld / adjective
be/lie/sit sprawled (out)
He was sprawled in an armchair in front of the TV.
A girl lay sprawled across the bed.
formal or literary
a state of calm or comfortable rest
re‧pose 1 / rɪpəʊz $ -poʊz / noun [ uncountable ]
in repose
His face looked less hard in repose.