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IHO Ben > Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common sites of infection?

A

Skin and respiratory

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2
Q

What is the pathway for infection?

A

Exposure, adherence, invasion, colonization and growth, toxicity/invasiveness, tissue damage

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3
Q

What small molecules are secreted my skin and mucosa?

A

Defensins and cathelicidins

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4
Q

What do defensins do?

A

disrupt membranes of bacteria, fungi, protozoan parasites and viruses; intracellular toxic effects

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5
Q

What do cathelicidins do?

A

Disrupts membranes of bacteria; additional toxic effects intracellularly; kills cells

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6
Q

what part of the immune system to defensins and cathelicidins belong to?

A

Innate immune system

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7
Q

what is the charge and structure of cathelicidins?

A

Cationic, alpha-helical

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8
Q

How do defensins destroy bacteria?

A

wedging inside bacterial cell wall and ripping out pieces of the wall.

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9
Q

What is the structure of cytokines?

A

proteins/glycoproteins

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10
Q

What are chemokines?

A

large family of cytokines involved in attracting cells into inflamed tissues and play of role in leukocyte homing

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11
Q

What are interferons (IFNs)?

A

cytokines that important in limiting spread of viral infections

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12
Q

What are Interleukins (ILs)?

A

produced mainly by T cells (also macrophages, dendritic cells, epithelial cells), function by causing neighboring cells to divid and differentiate

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13
Q

What are colony stimulating factors (CSFs)?

A

involved in directing the division and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells and precursors of blood leukocytes. Controls how many and what kind of leukocyte is to be produced

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14
Q

What are tumor necrosis factors (TNFs)?

A

Particularly important in mediating inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

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15
Q

What are transforming growth factors (TGFs)?

A

important in regulating cell division and tissue repair

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16
Q

What is the pathway of the PLC pathway?

A

TCR –> PLCgamma1 –> calcineurin –> NFAT

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17
Q

What is cyclosporin used to treat? How does it work?

A

It’s an immunosuppressant that is used to treat both T cell mediated autoimmune disease and organ transplant rejection. Acts by blocking the fxn of calcineurin

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18
Q

How does the Ras/MAP pathway activate transcription?

A

Through AP-1

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19
Q

How does the PKC pathway activate transcription?

A

NF-kB

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20
Q

What is NF-kB transcription associated with?

A

proinflammatory and activation events

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21
Q

Describe the IL-1 family of cytokines?

A

Secreted early, stimulated in presence of foreign antigen, proinflammatory

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22
Q

Describe IL-1 signalling?

A

Works through TAK1 that then activates the MAPk and NF-kB pathways

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23
Q

What do receptors of hematopoietin (class 1) generally include?

A

Two types of proteins: immunoglobulin and fibronectin-like domain

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24
Q

What are the subfamilies of hematopoietin family cytokine receptors?

A

Gamma, Beta, gp130

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25
Q

What chains are involved in a strong hamtopoietin receptors?

A

gamma, beta and alpha

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26
Q

T/F: knockout of gp130 is embryonic lethal?

A

True

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27
Q

What cytokines interact with gp130 receptor?

A

IL-6 and IL-12

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28
Q

Where does gp130 get its specificity from?

A

ligand-specific chains in dimers or trimers that are couples with gp130

29
Q

What are the two major types of interferon?

A

Type 1: IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, Type 2: IFN-gamma

30
Q

What is the signaling cascade for interferons?

A

Cytokine binding –> activation of Jak –> Activation of STAT –> dimerization of STAT –> specific gene transcription

31
Q

What does the TNF family activate for signaling?

A

Development, cell survival, cell death

32
Q

Do TNF family members function as dimers or trimers?

A

Trimers

33
Q

What produces TNF alpha? what is its role?

A

Activated macrophages (can also be produced by lymphocytes, fibroblasts and keratinocytes); proinflammatory

34
Q

What produces TNF-beta? What is its role?

A

Activated lymphocytes; can activate neutrophils, endothelial cells, osteoclasts; can increase expression of MHC and adhesion molecules

35
Q

T/F: innate immune system is non-inducible

A

true

36
Q

what is the innate immune system mediated by?

A

phagocytosis

37
Q

What do innate immune cells recognize on foreign antigens/bodies?

A

PAMPs

38
Q

What are the pattern recognition receptors of the human immune system?

A

“Toll-like receptors”

39
Q

What are TLRs?

A

transmembrane proteins that control innate immunity in invertebrates, as well as anterior/posterior differentiation; They bind to and are activated by PAMPs and DAMPs

40
Q

What is included in PAMPs and DAMPs

A

PAMPs: LPS, ppg, lipopeptides, flagellin, bacterial DNA and viral dsRNA; DAMPs: intracellular prtns and prtn fragments from the extracellular matrix

41
Q

What does stimulation of TLRs lead to?

A

signaling cascades that activate AP-1, NF-kB and interferion regulatory factors, resulting in production of IFNs, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and effector cytokines

42
Q

What PAMPs does TLR4/4 recognize?

A

Outside: gram (-) bacteria, inside: viral proteins

43
Q

What PAMPs does TLR2/1 recognize?

A

Bacteria, parasites

44
Q

What PAMPs does TLR3/3 recognize?

A

Viral dsRNA

45
Q

What PAMPs does TLR2/6 recognize?

A

gram (+) bacteria and fungi

46
Q

What PAMPs does TLR7/7 recognize?

A

Viral ssRNA

47
Q

What PAMPs does TLR5/5 recognize?

A

flagellated bacteria

48
Q

What PAMPs does TLR 8/8 recognize?

A

viral ssRNA

49
Q

What PAMPs does TLR11/11 recognize?

A

uropathogenic bacteria

50
Q

What PAMPs does TLR9/9 recognize?

A

bacterial/viral DNA

51
Q

In TLR signalling, what does My88-DEPENDENT pathway lead to?

A

production of inflammatory cytokines and one that leads to the production of IFN-α

52
Q

in TLR signalling, what does My88-INdependent pathway lead to?

A

associated with the stimulation of IFN-β and the maturation of dendritic cells

53
Q

What adaptor protein do nearly all TLRs bind? What about TLR3?

A

My88; TRIF

54
Q

What does TLR signaling activate?

A

NF-kB which causes: expression of pro-inflammatory genes, increased phagocytosis and synthesis of ROS and nitrogen molecules; increased efficiency of antigen presentation

55
Q

Are innate immune system cells part of lymphoid or myeloid lineage?

A

Myeloid lineage

56
Q

What is required to induce CFU-GEMM stem cell to enter one of five pathways?

A

IL-3 and GM-CSF

57
Q

What is eosinophil differentiation promoted by?

A

IL-5

58
Q

What is the main role of mononuclear phagocytes?

A

remove particulate matter of “foreign” origin (microbes) or self origin (aged erythrocytes)

59
Q

What do blood monocytes express and their functions?

A

CD14 (binds LPS), MHCII (binds Ab), CD11a and b (adhesion molecules), CD64 and CD32 (binds Fc receptors)

60
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

antigen capture in one location and Ag presentation in another (from peripheral tissues move to lymph nodes to present to naive T-cells)

61
Q

What attracts PMNs?

A

complement prtn fragements, factors of fibrinolytic and kinin systems, products of leukocytes and platelets, products of bactera

62
Q

What do primary (azurophilic) granules of neutrophils carry?

A

acid hydrolases, myeloperoxidase, muramidase, antimicrobial proteins (defensins, seprocidins, cathlicidins

63
Q

What do secondary granules of neutrophils carry?

A

lactoferrin and lysozyme

64
Q

What proteins do neutrophils express?

A

CD11a, b and c (adhesion molecules), CD64, CD32 and CD16 (Fc receptors)

65
Q

What are the primary roles of basophils?

A

Release of histamines in response to allergens, as well as fighting off flatworm parasites

66
Q

What are mast cells responsible for?

A

Allergic responses

67
Q

T/F: basophils are non-phagocytic?

A

True

68
Q

What do eosinophils play a roll in?

A

defense against multicellular parasitic organisms, including worms

69
Q

What WBCs play a role in B and T cell regulation?

A

neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

IHO Ben (27 decks)

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