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Patho > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What cellular adaptation is responsible for the decreased tissue mass observed with Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Atrophy

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2
Q

We do not know what the pathophysiologic machanism is that is responsible for chloramphenicol causing aplastic anemia in some individuals. Therefore, chloramphenicol would be considered a __________ etiology.

A

Idopathic

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3
Q

which mechanism of cell death leads to extensive inflammation

A

Necrosis

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4
Q

Fluid distribution between vascular and interstitial spaces involves which force(s)?

A

Both osmotic and hydrostatic pressures

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5
Q

Which of the following is a primary mechanism of anemia associated with chronic kidney failure?

A

Decreased erythropoietin production

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6
Q

Where are the high pressure baroreceptors located that stimulate thirst response when blood volume is too low?

A

Aorta

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7
Q

What is the pathophysiologic impact of hypokalemia on muscle cells?

A

Causes hyperpolarization of membrane and makes it more difficult to depolarize

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8
Q

Which type of anemia is caused by a decrease or loss of intrinsic factor and diminished absorption of Vitamin B12?

A

Pernicious anemia

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9
Q

When ischemia causes cell injury, an important event is mitochondrial failure with the cell. What critical electrolyte builds to toxic levels when the mitochondria stop working, and is involved in activation of damaging proteases, apoptosis, and oxidative stress?

A

Ca2+

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10
Q

What term relates to the ability of a laboratory test to accurately detect true positives?

A

Sensitivity

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11
Q

Tissue edema involves the excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces. Which of the following mechanisms would not cause edema to develop?

A

Increased albumin levels within the vascular compartment

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12
Q

If someone drinks too much water and decreases the sodium concentration in their extracellular compartment, what will be the water-related impact on cells?

A

Net movement of water into the cell and cell swelling

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13
Q

What pathophysiology event in muscles results from hypocalcemia?

A

Sodium threshold for action potential decreased

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14
Q

Which disease results the polymerization of B-globin molecules when RBCs become deoxygenated?

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

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15
Q

Which mechanism of hypoxia would lead to the fastest cell injury?

A

Ischemia

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16
Q

Which of the following is the mechanism responsible for “the bends” when a deep sea diver rises to the surface too fast?

A

Rapid decrease in pressure causes nitrogen bubbles to form in blood

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17
Q

After an infection with herpes virus, we continue to carry the virus in nerve roots and are at risk for reactivation later in life. What kind of infection is herpes after the initial acute stage?

A

Latent

18
Q

Which of the following would not be a mechanism responsible for hyperbilirubinemia in new borns?

A

Excessive conjugation of bilirubin and reabsorption from intestinal tract

19
Q

Excessive ingestion of alcohol leads to accumulation of fat-containing vacuoles in liver cells. What is the pathophysiologic mechanism responsible for this alcohol-induced “fatty liver”?

A

Preferential metabolism of alcohol impairs fat metabolism

20
Q

Which of the following classes of anemia is caused by a dysfunction in RBC metabolism that leads to membrane damage by free radicals?

A

G6P Dehydrogenase Deficiency

21
Q

Which of the following mechanisms would cause an extracellular volume excess?

A

Excessive release of ADH from pituitary gland

22
Q

Hypocalcemia can be associated with pancreatic disease. What is the mechanism that links these two?

A

Decreases bile production by pancreas leads to increased fat and impairs calcium absorption

23
Q

What is the mechanism that allows hypermagnesemia to cause decreased neuromuscular responses?

A

Hypermagnesemia results in decreased ach release into neromuscular junction

24
Q

Mechanism of aplastic anemia

A

Decreased RBC prod

25
Q

Mechanism of secondary mechanisms associated with chronic kidney disease

A

Excessive destruction of RBCs

26
Q

Mechanism of thalassemia

A

Excessive destruction of RBCs

27
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Decreased RBC production

28
Q

A child is born with a genetic disease that manifests itself later in life. The etiology of this disease is categorized as _________?

A

Inherited

29
Q

Which of the following is an intrinsic signal for apoptosis?

A

Shortening of telomeres

30
Q

How does UV radiation lead to cellular damage?

A

Creation of thymine dimers in DNA

31
Q

Which of the following is not involved in the mechanism of hydropic swelling?

A

Increased activity of Na+/K+ pumps

32
Q

Which form of polycythemia is associated with neoplasms or hypersensitivity of stem cells to erythropoietin?

A

Vera

33
Q

What is the mechanism that links hyperphosphatemia with hypocalcemia?

A

Excessive phosphate complexes with calcium to form calcium phosphate

34
Q

what cellular adaptation is associated with hapes, sizes, and arrangements of cells?

A

Dysplasia

35
Q

Which of the following would be a symptom of a disease?

A

Nausea

36
Q

Which of the following would be an inappropriate approach to assessing extracellular fluid volume deficit or excess in an infant?

A

Evaluate jugular vein distension

37
Q

Which of the following cell types would be least susceptible to death when exposed to gamma or x-ray radiation?

A

RBCs

38
Q

Which of the following diseases involves a genetic mutation decreasing the amount of alpha- or beta- globin molecules in RBCs?

A

Thalassemia

39
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases in women can occur without any outward signs or symptoms of infection. What is the term for this type of infection?

A

Subclinical

40
Q

When the capillary beds of kidney glomeruli become too leaky, what product can accumulate to excessive amounts causing injury to renal cells?

A

Proteins

Patho (4 decks)

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