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First Aid 2016 - Bolu > FA pg 306-310 Endo > Flashcards

FA pg 306-310 Endo Flashcards

1
Q

what is the site of a lingual thyroid?

A

Tongue

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2
Q

what is thyrogolssal duct cyst?

A

anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the tongue

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3
Q

mass located on the anterior border of the sternodocladomasotid muscle is from what embryonic derivative?

A

2-4 cleft form temporal cervical sinus of brachial cleft cyst

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4
Q

bonus: what develops from the first cleft?

A

Ext Auditory meatus

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5
Q

thyroid tissue is derived from

A

endoderm

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6
Q

C cells are derived from

A

Neural crest.

Note C-Cells is also called parafollicular cells

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7
Q

Name the layers of the adrenal cortex

A

Glomerulosa Fasiculata Reticularis (GFR)

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8
Q

what part in the endocrine system is chromatin cells from?

A

adrenal medulla (neural crest)

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9
Q

what are the primary Regulatory control of Glomerulosa

A

RAS

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10
Q

what is the secretory product of the glomerulosa

A

Aldosterone

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11
Q

what are the primary regulatory control of the fasiculata and reticularis

A

ACTH, CRH

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12
Q

secretory product of fasiculata

A

cortisol

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13
Q

secretory product of reticularis

A

Androgens

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14
Q

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) is from what embryonic origin

A

surface/oral ectoderm

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15
Q

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is derived from

A

neuroectoderm

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16
Q

list all the ant pituitary hormones

A

FLAT PiG & B(basophils)-FLAT ( pg 307 FA 2016)

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17
Q

B-subunit determines which of the following?

sensitivity, specificity, PPV or NPV

A

Specificity

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18
Q

Vasopressin (AKA ADH) is made from what nucleus in the brain?

A

SupraOptic nuclei

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19
Q

Oxytocin is made from what nucleus in the brain?

A

Paraventricular nuclei

20
Q

what cell types are in the ISLet of Langerhans and what do they secret?

A 
Alpha= glucagon (periphery)
Beta= insulin (central) inside
delta= somatostatin (interspersed)
21
Q

where does synthesis of insulin occur?

A

rER

22
Q

what kind of transport is needed for inducing glucose uptake into insulin dependent tissues?

A

Carrier mediated

23
Q

List all functions of insulin

A 
increase glucose uptake into skeletal and adipose tissue
increase glycogen storage and synthesis
increase triglyceride synthesis
increase Na+ retention in kidneys
increase protein synthesis
increase cellular uptake of K+ & amino acid
decrease glucagon release
decrease lipolysis
24
Q

does insulin cross the placenta?

A

No only glucose

25
Q

what are the insulin independent transporters and list examples.

A

GLUT 1- RBC, Brain cornea placenta
GLUT2- small intestine, Beta pancreatic cells, liver kidney
GLUT3- Brain Placenta
GLUT 4- Adipose tissue skeletal muscle
Glut 5- fructose, spermatocyte &; GI tract

26
Q

what does the brain use as energy source during starvation

A

Ketones

27
Q

Can RBC use Ketones for energy & why?

A

NO only use glucose, RBC lack mitochondria for aerobic metabolism

28
Q

where do GLP 1 come from?

A

Meals

29
Q

what is the function of GLP1

A

increase beta sensitivity to glucose.

30
Q

what MOA of sulfonyureas

A

blocks K channel, causing influx of Ca2+ via voltage gated calcium channels, increasing insulin release

31
Q

what ratios are increased before closing K+ channels in beta cell of pancreas

A

increase ATP/ADP ratio

32
Q

what are the functions of glucagon?

A

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis lipolysis and ketone production

33
Q

what 3 things inhibit glucagon

A

Somatostatin, Insulin and hyperglycemia

34
Q

dopamine antagonist drugs eg antipsychotics causes———————- due to hyperprolactenemia

A

galactorrhea

35
Q

what inhibits prolactin

A

dopamine

36
Q

what GHRH analog drug is used to treat HIV associated lipodystrophy?

A

Tesamorelin

37
Q

prolactin suppresses ————— ?

A

GnRH

38
Q

Pulsatile GnRH leads to ————–& __________?

A

Puberty and fertility

39
Q

4 symptoms of Pituitary prolactinoma

A

galactorrhea, amenohrea, hypogonadism, osteoporosis

40
Q

Analog of somatostatin used to treat esophageal varices

A

Ocreotide

41
Q

Bonus: what else do ocreotide treat

A

carcinoid syndrome, acromegaly

42
Q

function of prolactin

A

stimulate milk production(hence Gallactorhe) in breast and inhibit ovulation (hence amnehorea) and inhibit spermatogenesis (hence decrease libido)

43
Q

how does prolactin inhibit its own secretion?

A

increase dopamine synthesis by stimulating the hypothalamus then causing excess dopamine to inhibit prolactin

44
Q

TX of hyperprolactinemia

A

dopamine agonist( bromocrptine and carbagobulin)

45
Q

what type of drugs stimulate prolactin secretion

A

dopamine antagonist ( antipsychotics) and estrogen (e.g OCPS & pregnancy)

46
Q

Bonus: Most common cause of gastroenteritis in developed countries

A

Norovirus (single stranded RNA virus)

First Aid 2016 - Bolu (10 decks)

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