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Module 7 > Conduct Disorder > Flashcards

Conduct Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factor of CD?

A 
Inconsistent or Harsh Parenting
Physical Abuse
Parental Criminality
Poverty 
Deviant Peer group
Genes - serotonin metabolism
Hostile Biases
Neuropsychological Abnormalities
Epigenetic Changes
Brain structures
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2
Q

Prevalense of CD:

A

5% prevalence

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3
Q

Developmental Taxomonic Theory (DTT)

A

People are most likely to engage in anti-social behaviour in the teenage years

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4
Q

2 types of CD according to Developmental Taxomonic Theory

A

Adolescence limited

  • Social modelling of peers
  • No role for neuropsychological/individual characteristics

Life persistent Course
- Childhood onset

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5
Q

Research & DTT in CD

A

Recent research contradicts the DTT 2 types

  • Adolescent not decreasing
  • Life persisting can/cannot start in childhood
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6
Q

What are CU

A

Callous Unemotional Traits

- Subgroup of CD with a distinct neuropsychological profile

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7
Q

Neural distinction in CU

A

Amygdala & orbitofrontal dysfunction

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8
Q

Emotional distinction between CD+CU and CD -CU

A

CD+CU+ = Emotionally flat/hypo-responsive

CD & CU- = Hyper-responsive

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9
Q

Brain areas implicated in CD:

A
  • Amygdala
  • Insula
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Orbitofrontal Lobe
  • Anterior Cingulate
  • Striatum volume
  • vmPFC
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10
Q

Amygdala in CU

A

Reduced Amygdala & insula volume

  • Insula: Reduced empathy for pain
  • Amygdala: Reduced fear recognition & fear learning
  • Amygdala: Experience/recognition of emotions

Childhood onset = reduced R. Amygdala
Adolescent onset = both sides

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11
Q

ACC & OFC in CU vs. CD

A

-> Increased Anterior cingulate & Orbitofrontal cortex volume in children w/CU traits

Reduced volume in CD: temporal lobe and OFC

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12
Q

TL & OFC in CD

A

Reduced Temporal Lobe & Orbitofrontal cortex volume

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13
Q

Striatum & CU

Fairchild et al. 2011

A

Striatal Volume positive correlated with self-reported CU

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14
Q

Implications of structural changes on behaviour in CD:

A

Reduced emotional recognition & processing
Reduced empathy for pain
Reduced empathic concern

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15
Q

WM tracts implicated in CD

A

1) Uncinate Fascicle

2) Inferior Occipito-frontal Fascicle

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16
Q

The Uncinate Fascicle in CD

Medial PFC temporal pole

A
  • Increased FA in childhood onset
    Esp. Males
    and stronger on the left - though not conclusive

No difference in #fibres {streamlines)

  • > Emotion regulation
  • ->Too much = ?accelerated maturation?
17
Q

Inferior Occipito-frontal Fascicle in CD

Frontal occipital

A
  • Increased FA in childhood onset

‘control tract’

18
Q

Deficits in emotional processing in CD in …

A

Anger
Disgust
Fear
Happy

19
Q

Emotion Processing deficit in fear associated with:

A

Reduced Amygdala

20
Q

Emotion Processing deficit in anger associated with:

A
  • Reduced Amygdala
  • Reduced vmPFC
  • Left Insula
  • Left & Right OFC
21
Q

Emotion Processing deficit in sadness:

A

Differences between Childhood onset & Adolescent onset

Childhood onset = less response

22
Q

Possible neural basis to hostile biases?

A

Large responses to Neutral Faces

- Perceived social threat where none is present

23
Q

DTT & Neurological findings

A

Both subtypes showed a reduced amygdala

Both subtypes show a deficit in neural processing

24
Q

DTT revised based on current research…

A

Age of onset differences = interaction between vulnerability & Environment

25
Q

Neural Distinctions in girls with CU in face processing:

A

Reduced: Medial OFC
Increased: Anterior Insula

26
Q

Neural underpinnings in girls with CU in lifetime CD

A

Negatively correlated with:

  • > Amygdala
  • > Superior Temporal Cortex
  • > Fusiform Gyrus
  • > dlPFC
27
Q

CU traits in girls with CD associated with:

A

Negatively correlated with R.fusiform gyrus activity

28
Q

Similarities between CD & Anxiety

A

Both implicate:

  • Amygdala
  • Insula
  • PFC
29
Q

Differences between CD and Anxiety

A

Anxiety

  • Increase in Amygdala & Insula volume
  • increase responses in Amygdala, insula and PFC in emotion processing
  • decrease strength of connection between amygdala & PFC

CD

  • Decrease amygdala and insula volume
  • Decrease in amygdala, insula & PFC during processing of emotional faces
  • Increase strength of connection between amygdala & PFC cortex
30
Q

CD negative correlation with:

A

=> Amygdala
=> vmPFC
=> orbitofrontal cortex
=> insula

31
Q

Significant effect of CU or Psychopathic trait?

A

None

Module 7 (13 decks)

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