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Biology > 5.2-kidneys and liver > Flashcards

5.2-kidneys and liver Flashcards

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1
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of metabolic waste from the body.

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2
Q

What are the 2 blood supplies of the liver?

A

Hepatic artery

Hepatic portal vein

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3
Q

What does the hepatic artery do?

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the heart, supplying the liver with oxygen for aerobic respiration.

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4
Q

Why is the hepatic portal vein important?

A

Is brings deoxygenated blood from the digestive system to the liver- concentrations of substances will be uncontrolled because they’ve just entered the body trough the digestive system, so may contain toxic compounds which need to have their concentrations adjusted before they circulate the body.

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5
Q

What does blood leave the liver through?

A

The hepatic vein

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6
Q

What does the bile duct do?

A

Carries bile from the liver to the gall bladder

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7
Q

what is metabolic waste?

A

a substance that is produced in excess by the metabolic processes in the cells, it may become toxic.

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8
Q

what is the liver divided into?

A

lobes, which are further divided into lobules.

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9
Q

what is the shape of a lobule?

A

cylindrical

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10
Q

what is a kupffer cell?

A

a specialised macropage

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11
Q

what do kupffer cells do?

A

move about in the sinusoid, yeeting red blood cells (breaking down and recycling them)

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12
Q

what is one of the products of haemoglobin breakdown?

A

bilirubin, one of the bile pigments secreted as part of the bile.

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13
Q

what is at the centre of each lobule?

A

a branch of the hepatic vein known as the intra-lobular vessel

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14
Q

what is the shape of a hepatocyte?

A

simple cuboidal shape with many microvilli

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15
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A

control of blood glucose, amino acid and lipid levels
synthesis of bile, plasma proteins, cholesterol
synthesis of RBCs in the fetus
storage of vitamins a,d, b12, iron, glycogen
detoxification of drugs and alcohol
breakdown of hormones
destruction of RBCs

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16
Q

where in the liver is glycogen stored?

A

granules in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes

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17
Q

what are 2 enzymes found in the liver that detoxify substances?

A

catalase

cytochrome p450

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18
Q

what does catalase do?

A

converts hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water

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19
Q

what does cytochrome p450 do?

A

it’s a group of enzymes used to breakdown drugs including cocaine.

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20
Q

what can fatty liver lead to?

A

alcohol related hepatitis

cirrhosis

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21
Q

what causes fatty liver?

A

if the liver has to detoxify too much alcohol it uses up its stores of NAD and has insufficient left to deal with fatty acids, because NAD is also required to breakdown fatty acids for use in respiration. these fatty acids are converted back to lipids and stored as fat in the hepatocytes.

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22
Q

what is the equation for deamination?

A

amino acid + oxygen–> keto acid + ammonia

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23
Q

why must ammonia not be allowed to accumulate?

A

it’s v soluble and highly toxic

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24
Q

what is the cortex?

A

the outer region of the kidney

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25
what is the medulla?
the inner region of the kidney
26
what is the pelvis?
the white centre part that leads into the ureter
27
what is ultrafiltration?
filtration of the blood at a molecular level under pressure
28
what is osmoregulation?
the control of water potential in the body.
29
how do we gain water?
drinking respiration food
30
how do we lose water?
breathing faesces urine sweat
31
what detects water potential in blood?
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
32
what releases ADH?
posterior pituitary
33
what is the effect of ADH on the collecting duct?
makes walls more permeable
34
what does increase of ADH do to water potential of blood?
increases it
35
what effect does ADH have on water potential of urine?
lower-more concentrated urine.
36
what are the excretory organs?
lungs liver skin kidneys
37
what are inter-lobular vessels?
branches of the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
38
what is the passage of blood through the liver?
hepatic artery/hepatic portal vein-->branched (inter-lobular vessel) -->sinusoid -->branch of hepatic vein (intra-lobular vessel) --> hepatic vein
39
where is bile released?
into the bile canaliculi
40
what do the bile canaliculi join together to form?
the bile duct
41
what are some metabolic functions of a hepatocyte?
protein synthesis transformation and storage of carbohydrates synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts detoxification
42
which enzyme catalyses the breakdown of alcohol initially?
ethanol dehydrogenase
43
what does alcohol get turned into when detoxified?
ethanal--ethanoic acid--acetyl coenzyme A
44
what happens to the H atoms that leave alcohol when it gets oxidised?
combine with NAD to form reduced NAD
45
what is the summary equation for the ornithine cycle?
ammonia + C02 --> urea + water
46
what is a section of the kidney called?
nephron
47
blood comes into the glomerulus through the...
afferent arteriole
48
blood leaves the glomerulus through the...
efferent arteriole
49
whats wider the afferent or efferent arteriole?
afferent
50
how is the endothelium of the capillary adapted to its function in the bowmans capsule?
narrow gaps between endothelial cells | endothelial cells also contain pores called fenestrations
51
whats the basements membrane of the bowman's capsule made of?
fine mesh of collagen fibres and glycoproteins
52
what's the effect of the basement membrane of the bowman's capsule?
molecules with an Mr of over 69000 cant go through
53
what are the epithelial cells of the bowman's capsule called?
podocytes
54
what's the shape of a podocyte?
many finger-like projections, called major processes. on each major process there's a minor process, or foot process.
55
what do the minor processes do?
hold the epithelial cells away from the endothelium of the capillary, ensuring there are gaps between the cells so fluid from the glomerulus can pass between them into the lumen of the bowman's capsule.
56
overall, what are the adaptations of the bowman's capsule and glomerulus that help them carry out their function?
``` afferent arteriole > efferent arteriole fenestrations gaps between endothelial cells basement membrane podocytes ```
57
what, in the blood, goes into the glomerular filtrate?
amino acids glucose urea mineral ions
58
what happens to water potential in the descending loop of henle?
decreased
59
what happens to water potential in the ascending loop of henle?
increased
60
what happens to water potential in the collecting duct?
decreased
61
how are the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule adapted for reabsorption?
membrane in contact w tubule fluid highly folded into microvilli, other membrane also folded cell membrane has cotransport protiens membrane next to capillary has Na+/K+ pump cytoplasm has many mitochondria
62
why are microvilli on the proximal convoluted tubule important?
they increase surface area for reabsorption
63
what gets pumped out of the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule?
sodium
64
what gets pumped into the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule?
potassium
65
how are glucose and amino acids selectively reabsorbed?
1) Na+ actively pumped out of lining cell 2) conc gradient of Na+ forms 3) Na+ from other side diffuse in through cotransport protein, carrying glucose or amino acid with it. 4) water moves into cell by osmosis 5) substances move through to blood and water follows.
66
what is the arrangement of the loop of Henle known as?
a hairpin countercurrent multiplier system
67
the upper portion of the ascending limb of the loop of henle is...
impermeable to water.
68
what happens to water potential as you go down the loop of henle?
becomes more negative.
69
what happens in the ascending loop of henle?
mineral ions leave. at the bottom this happens by diffusion, at the top this happens by active transport.
70
on a cool day or a day where you've drunk a lot of water and don't need to conserve that much, what happens to the walls of the collecting duct?
become less permeable-less water is reabsorbed.
71
what are the water permeable channels called in the collecting duct wall?
aquaporins
72
what's it called when the cell surface membrane folds inwards?
it invaginates | hahahahhaaha
73
how does adh work in the collecting duct?
detected by cell surface receptors causes a chain of enzyme controlled reactions inside cell end result of reactions is to cause vesicles containing aquaporins to fuse to membrane more water can be reabsorbed.
74
what happens in the walls of the collecting duct when adh levels fall?
call membrane invaginates to create new vesicles that remove aquaporins from membrane.
75
what type of cell produce and release adh?
neurosecretory cells (specialised neurones)
76
where is adh stored?
vesicles in the terminal bulb of the posterior pituatary
77
what is the glomerular filtrate rate (GFR)?
the rate at which fluid enters the nephrons.
78
what are monoclonal antibodies?
antibodies made from 1 type of cell, specific to one complimentary molecule.
79
what is renal dialysis?
a mechanism used to artificially regulate the concentrations of solutes in the blood.
80
how can kidney function be assessed?
estimating GFR | analysing urine for proteins
81
what is a normal GFR value?
90-120 cm3/min
82
what GFR figure indicates chronic kidney disease?
below 60cm3/min
83
what GFR figure indicates kidney failure?
below 15cm3/min
84
what are possible causes of kidney failure?
diabetes mellitus heart disease hypertension infection
85
what are the main treatments for kidney failure?
renal dialysis | kidney transplant
86
what are the 2 types of renal dialysis?
haemodialysis | peritoneal dialysis
87
what is added in haemodialysis to reduce clotting?
heparin
88
what happens during haemodialysis?
blood is passed into a machine containing an artificial dialysis membrane. the artificial capillaries are surrounded by dialysis fluid flowing the opposite way (countercurrent flow).
89
what has to happen before the blood from haemodialysis is returned to the body?
remove any bubbles
90
how often and where is haemodialysis usually done?
2-3 times a week, a few hours a session, at a clinic.
91
what is the peritoneum?
abdominal membrane
92
what happens during PD?
dialysis membrane is the peritoneum. a permanent tube is implanted in the abdomen via surgery . dialysis solution is poured through the tube, filling the space between the abdominal wall and organs.
93
how long does the dialysis fluid stay in the body during PD?
several hours
94
when can PD be carried out?
home or work
95
what is PD sometimes called?
ambulatory dialysis (ambulatory=adapted to walking around)
96
what must dialysis be combined with?
carefully monitored diet.
97
what are the advantages of kidney transplants?
freedom fro time-consuming renal dialysis feeling physically fitter improved QOL, able to travel improved self image-no longer chronically ill
98
what are the disadvantages of kidney transplants?
need to take immunosuppressant drugs need for major surgery under general anaesthetic need for regular checks for signs of rejection side effects of immunosuppresant drugs
99
what are some side effects of immunosuppresant drugs?
fluid retention high blood pressure susceptibility to infections
100
what useful things can urine be tested for?
``` glucose alcohol-levels in drivers recreational drugs hCG anabolic steroids-improper use in sport ```
101
what would glucose in the urine suggest?
diabetes
102
how long does marijuana stay in the urine after a single use?
7 days
103
what hormone is released once a human embryo is implanted in the uterine lining?
human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
104
what enzyme catalyses ethanal turning into ethanoic acid in the liver?
ethanal dehydrogenase
105
what are the three molecules that make up the cycle part of the ornithine cycle (the intermediates)?
citrulline-arginine-ornithine
106
what happens in the descending loop of henle?
Na+ and Cl- ions diffuse in and water osmoseseses out
107
what is the path the blood takes during haemodialysis?
body-arterial pressure monitor-blood pump-heparin pump-dialyser inflow pressure monitor-dialyser-venous pressure monitor-air detector clamp-body
108
what's the purpose of the heparin pump?
to prevent clotting
109
what do pregnancy test kits use?
monoclonal antibodies which bind to hCG in urine
110
what does testing for anabolic steroids involve?
analysing a urine sample in a lab using gas chromatography
111
WHAT IS THE FATTER VESSEL ENTERING THE LIVER
THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
112
WHATS THE THINNER VESSEL ENTERING THE LIVER
HEPATIC ARTERY
113
WHAT DOES THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN LOOK LIKE COMING INTO THE LIVER
BRANCHED | FATTER
114
what happens to bile?
stored in gallbladder, released into duodenum when needed, bile salts+acids mostly reabsorbed into body
115
surface area of a sphere???
4πr squared
116
volume of a sphere??
4/3πr cubed
117
why are podocytes unable to undergo mitosis apparently?
already are , differentiated so cannot divide are in G0 phase of cell cycle shape is (too) irregular / asymmetrical so cannot divide cytoskeleton cannot function / spindle (fibres) cannot form (if mitosis occurred) it would alter , number / size , of the , gaps / fenestrations it would alter an aspect of ultrafiltration

Biology (25 decks)

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