Genetics

Question 1

Define epigenetics

Answer 1

environment produces alterations to the gene expression, not gene sequence

Question 2

When does down syndrome become more likely?

Answer 2

When the mother is older

Question 3

The 4 ways that nature vs. nurture is studied

Answer 3

Family studies, adoption studies, twin studies, and combined twin and adaption studies

Question 4

define hertiability

Answer 4

estimate of percentage of variance in a trait

that is attributable to genetic differences

Question 5

GOTTESMAN’S LIMIT-SETTING

MODEL

Answer 5

Genes interact with the environment by setting

the upper and lower limits of our development

Question 6

SCARR’S NICHE-PICKING

MODEL

Answer 6

Genes play a role in producing the child’s
environment
¡Children actively seek and select environments
that match their interests, talents, and
personality characteristics
¡As children gain more independence, this
selection process is increasingly determined by
the child’s genetic endowment
¡Sheds doubt on the ability to distinguish
environmental from genetic influences

Question 7

Define substantial heritability

Answer 7

Refers to the fact that a condition is definitely inherited from the parents

Question 8

Meiosis

Answer 8

A cell splits into two cells, with the two daughter cells receiving half the number of chromosomes of the parent

Question 9

Cross overs

Answer 9

the sister chromatids align, and this can causes some of the complementary genes to swap, causing different genetic info to be present than was originally available to the parent

Question 10

Define chromosome

Answer 10

Chemical strands int he cell nucleus that contain the genes

Question 11

Define alleles

Answer 11

the different forms of a gene

Question 12

Epigenetics

Answer 12

Environment alterations to gene expression

Question 13

What two kinds of hereditary traits are there

Answer 13

Dominant and recessive

Question 14

What two kinds of defects in the chromosomes are discussed in the slides

Answer 14

Autosomal disorders and disorders of the sex chromosomes

Question 15

What kind of genetic disorder causes downs syndrome?

Answer 15

autosomal (an extra chromosome)

Question 16

What three types of studies exist to investigate the role of genes on behaviour?

Answer 16

1. Family studies
2. Adoption studies
3. Twin studies

Question 17

Define family studies

Answer 17

Asks if similarities between family member is due to genetics or nurture

Generally used to point out characteristics that might have a genetic component

Question 18

disadvantage of family study

Answer 18

cannot distinguish between hereditary and environmental influence

Question 19

Define Adoption studies

Answer 19

a. Children are raised in homes where parents are not biological
b. Allows for us to find out if a trait is environmental or genetic, because the child does not share genes with parents

Question 20

Define twin studies

Answer 20

a. Especially helpful when twins are raised apart, because we can then determine that a behaviour is genetic if both twins exhibit the behaviour although never having met

Question 21

define heritability

Answer 21

1. Estimate of percentage of variance in a trait that is attributable to genetic differences

Question 22

¡Range of reaction

Answer 22

: heredity establishes a range
of possible developmental outcomes that may
occur in response to different environments

Question 23

Why does PKU occur, and is it dominant or recessive?

Answer 23

The alleles fail to produce enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine.
It is recessive