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Anatomy > Spinal meniges > Flashcards

Spinal meniges Flashcards

1
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Most exterior and densest
  • forms a sac that closes at S2 vertebrae
  • Is continuous with the cranial dura mater
  • Extends out to the spinal nerves
  • Attaches to the bondy framework
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2
Q

External Filum Terminale

A

Extention of the dural sac that anchors the sac to the coccyx

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3
Q

Dural/Thecal sac

A

Area encasing the entire CNS made of the dura mater

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4
Q

Meningitis

A

Any infection causing inflammation of the meninges. Diagnosed with a lumbar puncture (to get CSF for diagnosis)

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5
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • Intermediate, more delicate layer
  • follows the dura mater’s encasing
  • forms trabeculae between the arachnoid and dura mater to connect the two
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6
Q

Pia mater

A
  • Most internal/delicate of meninges
  • Associated with blood vessels, rootlets, dorsal/ventral roots, merging with the spinal nerves epineurium
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7
Q

Denticulate ligament

A

Tissue found b/t dorsal/ventral rootlets that pierce into the arachoind mater in ~21 locations per side to stabilize the center od the dural sac

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8
Q

Internal filum terminale

A

extention of the pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris

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9
Q

Epidural space

A
  • External to the dural sac
  • Has fat and extensive internal vertebral plexus
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10
Q

Subdural space

A

B/t spinal dura and arachnoid mater, is more potential space

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11
Q

Sunarachnoid space

A
  • b/t the arachnoid and pia mater
  • Filled with CSF
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12
Q

Lumbar Cistern

A

Expanded portion fo the subarachnoid space that has high volumes of CSF ►great for spinal taps/injection of anesthetics

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13
Q

Epidural Pros/Cons

A
  • Larger dose needed
  • Longer onset of analgesia
  • can be at any spinal level
  • used segmentally
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14
Q

Spinal anaesthesia Pros/Cons

A
  • Lower dosage
  • Quicker onset
  • only in lumbar region
  • More generalized
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15
Q

Main arteries of the spinal cord

A

Anterior spinal artery (1)

Posterior spinal artery (2)

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16
Q

Segmental spinal arteries

A
  • Branch from various sources and enter the intervertebral foramen
  • give rise to anterior/posterior radicular/segmental medullary arteries
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17
Q

Anterior & Posterior Radicular arteries

A

Course along anterior/posterior spinal roots/rootlets to supply structures (radicular=roots), but do not connect to spinal arteries

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18
Q

Anterior & posterior radicular arteries

A

Periodically reinforce main spinal arteries (radicular arteries do not connect to spinal arteries)

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19
Q

Greater anterior segmental medullary artery

A
  • aka Artery of Adamkiewicz
  • Significantly larger (and thus more important) segmental medullary artery typically found on the left side from one of the lower intercostal arteries
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20
Q

Dorsal/Ventral spinal veins

A
  • Drain directly into the internal vertebral plexus in subdural space
  • vary in number (generally 3-5 anterior & posterior, one at each sulcus/fissure)
  • on surface of spinal cord (pia mater)
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21
Q

Internal Vertebral plexus

A
  • Valveless system of venous channels in the epidural space
  • Connects with cranial dural sinuses, external vertebral plexus, and major veins in thorax, abdomen, & pelvis
  • allows for the spread of infection and neoplastic cells
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22
Q

Recurrent meningeal branches

A
  • Aka sinuvertebral nerves/recurrent nerves of Luschka/meningeal branch of spinal nerve
  • Sensory for periosteum of vertebrae, posterior longitudinal ligament, outer portion of annulus fibrosus, and meningies
  • Autonomic/sensory/sympathetic fibers
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23
Q

Autonomic fibers

A

aid is regulating blood flow

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24
Q

Portion of nerves that can lead to increased reflexive tone and referred pain from an intervertebral disc rupture or meningitis

A

Recurrent meningeal branches

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25
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Fast, automatic, hard-wired muscular reaction to a stimulus. Only reacts with the spinal cord initially (so does not incorporate voluntary brain activity)

26
Q

Components of a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Sensory neurons
  3. synpasing
  4. Motor neurons
  5. Effectors
27
Q

Receptor types

A

Exteroceptive

Proprioceptive

28
Q

Exteroceptive receptors

A
  • External environmental changes
  • Organs like skin, eyes, vestibular apparatus (acceleration of head/pull of gravity)
29
Q

Proprioceptive Receptors

A
  • Changes in skeletal position (movement control)
  • Body postion and movement
30
Q

Muscle Spindles

A
  • Capsules found scattered throughout skeletal muscles
  • Aligned parallel to fibers
  • Length/velocity sensitive
  • provides tonic signal
  • contains intrafusal muscles fibers
  • Gamma motor neurons
31
Q

Ia and II sensory fibers

A

Used by muscle spindles to provide a tonic signal

32
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A
  • Stimulate intrafusal muscle fibers
  • Functions: sensor reset and muscle tone
33
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

A
  • Proprioceptor that is sensitive to strain/stress on a muscle
  • Embedded in series with muscle fibers in the muscle/tendon junctions
  • provides phasic signals
  • leads to inhibition of stimulation of the same muscle it is found in
34
Q

Ib sensory fibers

A

Used in Golgi Tendon Organs to send phasic signals

35
Q

Afferent neurons

A
  • Pseudounipolar (t-shaped) neuron w/ cell body in the dorsal root ganglion
  • divided into periphral and central portions
36
Q

Peripheral axon Process

A

Stimulated by the receptor (lateral and exteral to the dorsal root ganglion

37
Q

Monosynaptic Reflex

A

a sensory neuron synapsing with a single motor neuron

38
Q

Di-/polysynaptic reflex

A

Interneurons used to connect multiple sensory neurons to motor neurons

39
Q

Interneurons

A
  • Usually multipolar neuron whose cell body/dendrites are in dorsal gray horn and shor axon terminates on efferent neuron
  • Typically have an inhibitory effect (can be excitatory)
40
Q

Efferent motor neuron

A

Multipolar neurons: cell bodies/dendrites in gray matter, axons pass out the ventral rootlets to rami to an effector (somatic or visceral)

41
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A
  • Lower motor neurons stimulated by upper motor neurons (for voluntary) and stimulated by GSA/interneurons for reflexes
42
Q

Alpha motor neurons

A

General somatic Efferent/Lower motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles

43
Q

Motor unit

A
  • Alpha motor neuron + All muscle fibers it innervates
  • Varies from 5 to 2000 muscle fibers
  • Contains either slow or fast twitch fibers
44
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

GSE neurons that stimulate muscle spindle fibers

45
Q

Visceral motor neurons

A
  • Cell bodies of GVE neurons found in lateral gray horn (T1-L2)
46
Q

Preganglionic neurons

A

GVE neurons that originate inside the spinal cord, coursing out of the ventral root thru the white ramus communicans to a sympathetic trunk ganglion

47
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A
  • Stimulated by GVE neurons
  • Act as efferent neuron to stimulate an effector, typically smooth muscle or gland
48
Q

Effector for GSE/GVE

A
  • GSE: Skeletal muscle/Intrausal muscle spindle fibers
  • GVE: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, arrector pili muscle, or glands
49
Q

Somatosomatic reflex

A

GSA stimulates a motor output to GSE (finger prick to pulling hand away)

50
Q

Somatovisceral Reflex

A

GSA to GVE (foot smashed to increased HR)

51
Q

Viscerosomatic Reflex

A

GVA to GSE (ischemic heart muscle to referred pain/increased tone of paraspinal muscles)

52
Q

Viscerovisercal reflex

A

GVA to GVE (noxious material in gut to increased gut motility)

53
Q

Mytatic/Stretch Reflex

A
  • Stretching of tendon leads to muscle stretching
  • Muscle spindles stimulate Ia afferent neurons
  • Signal sent to alpha motor neurons within ventral gray horn
  • Alpha motor neurons terminate at the neurmuscular junction
  • Extrafusal muscle fibers stimulated leading to muscle contraction
54
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Ia stimulates Ia-interneuron that inhibits the alpha motor neuron of antagonistic muscle (causes muscle relaxation)

55
Q

Gamma loop purpose

A
  1. Drives muscle tone
  2. Resets muscle spindle to new, shorter length
56
Q

What do Gamma motor neurons innervate?

A

Muscle spindles, causing intrafusal muscle fibers to contract

57
Q

Outcomes of intrafusal muscle fibers contracting

A
  1. Resetting the muscle tone (to pick up new stretch within skeletal muscle
  2. Regulate muscle tone via increasing Hz os signal on Ia sensory neuron (more alpha motor neurons stimulated)
58
Q

Hypertonicity

A

Loss of inhibitory signal from brain causing rigidity

59
Q

Spastic paralysis

A

Paralysis but reflexes work due to upper motor neuron disfunction

60
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

Lower neuron motor damage that results in no signal relayed to muscle

Anatomy (35 decks)

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