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Physiology COPY > Female Repro > Flashcards

Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major physiologically relevant positive feedback loop?

A

Oxytocin in Parturition

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2
Q

Which releasing factor hormone is important in the HPO axis?

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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3
Q

Which trophic hormones are important in the HPO axis?

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

- Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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4
Q

Which target hormones are important in the HPO axis?

A
  • Estrogens
  • Progesterone
  • Inhibins
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5
Q

What do androgens produced by Thecal cells (such as estrogen) inhibit?

A
  • GnRH
  • LH
  • FSH
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6
Q

What does inhibin, secreted by granulosa cells, do?

A

Inhibits FSH secretion

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7
Q

Which hormone regulates thecal cells?

A

LH

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8
Q

Which hormones regulate granulosa cells?

A

LH and FSH (mainly FSH)

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9
Q

What are the three forms of natural estrogen?

A
  • Estradiol (main form during reproductive lifetime)
  • Estrone (menopause)
  • Estriol (pregnancy)
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10
Q

What time in the menstrual cycle would the female be most fertile?

A

10-17 days

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11
Q

Estrogen is low during menses so the pituitary secretes ______ and ______ to stimulate growth of _________

A

FSH and LH, Premordial ovarian follicles

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12
Q

Rising E2 (estradiol) levels cause what hormone to be less prevalent, thus “starving” other follicles?

A

FSH

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13
Q

Where does FSH and LH accumulate while E2 levels are high?

A

anterior pituitary

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14
Q

Once estrogen reaches a certain level, what happens to trigger the follicle to rupture?

A

More GnRH is produced causing a released surge of stored LH and FSH casing follicle rupture (ovulation)

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15
Q

Prior to ovulation is known as the ________ phase. Post ovulation is known as the ________ phase

A

Follicular, luteal

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16
Q

What levels are high during the luteal phase?

A

Progesterone produced by corpus lute.

*this inhibits LH and FSH release usually preventing a second ovulation

17
Q

If no embryo implants, what happens about 14 days later?

A
  • Corpus luteum degenerates to corpus albicans

- shedding of the uterin lining (menses)

18
Q

What change do granulosa cells undergo following ovulation?

A

They convert from E2 (estradiol) producing to progesterone producing

19
Q

What is the most important natural progestin in humans?

A

Progesterone (basic 21-carbon skeleton)

20
Q

Which enzyme is key in converting progesterone and other androgens into estrogens?

A

aromatase

21
Q

What triggers the hypothalamus to be less sensitive to estrogen and release GnRH to trigger FSH and LH release, causing increased ovarian release of estrogens?

A

Leptin

22
Q

At puberty, increased estrogen contributes to bone growth, breast development, pubic hair and the menstrual cycle called what?

A

menarche

*ovulation does not usually begin with menarche however

23
Q

In Perimenopause, what feedback loop begins to be lost?

A

Inhibins inhibiting FSH

24
Q

FSH is elevated and Estrone (E1) becomes the predominant estrogen in what time period of life?

A

Menopause

*estrone is formed by amortization of androstenedione in adrenal glands and adipocytes

25
Q

Which hormone signals the Corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen and progesterone in early pregnancy?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

26
Q

What structure takes over the production of progesterone and estrogen by week 8 of pregnancy?

A

placenta

27
Q

What 3 main hormones are involved in child birth?

A

1-estrogen (induces uterine oxytocin receptor)
2-Oxytocin (causes contractions and placental prostaglandins)
3-relaxin (placental hormone to relax cervix and pelvic ligaments)

28
Q

Which hormone stimulates lactation?

A

prolactin

29
Q

The first fluid released by the mammary glands after birth is called what?

A

colostrum

*low fat, high carbs, protein and antibodies. acts as a laxative helping with early stools full of bilirubin

30
Q

Preterm births have been linked to what dental condition?

A

gum infections

31
Q

When is the ideal time to perform dental work during a pregnancy (if it must be done during the pregnancy)?

A

2nd trimester

*fetal organs develop during 1st trimester

Physiology COPY (16 decks)

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