Ch 5

Question 1

Parenchyma

Answer 1

thin primary wall; alive at maturity; many functions; active metabolically; some involved in photosynthesis (chlorenchyma); some secrete nectar, fragrences and oils; some are transfer cells; some conduct nutrients over long distances (phloem)

Question 2

Collenchyma

Answer 2

unevenly thickened primary wall; usually thickened in the corners; alive at maturity; plastic support: can be deformed by pressure or tension; can be stretched; in elongating shoot tips

Question 3

Slerenchyma

Answer 3

primary wall and thickened secondary wall; walls are elastic: can be deformed and return to original shape; dead at maturity; elastic support and transport; two types conducting and mechanical

Question 4

Nodes

Answer 4

where leaves are attached

Question 5

internodes

Answer 5

regions between nodes

Question 6

Leaf axil

Answer 6

stem area just above the point where a leaf attaches

Question 7

Axillary bud

Answer 7

a minature shoot in the lead axil with a dormant apical meristem and several young leaves; either a vegetative bud (branch) or flower bud (flower or group of flowers)

Question 8

Bud scales

Answer 8

small, corky, waxy, modified leaves that covers the bud

Question 9

Terminal bud

Answer 9

a bud at the extreme tip of each stem

Question 10

Phyllotaxy

Answer 10

arrangement of leaves on the stem

Question 11

Alternate

Answer 11

one leaf present at each node

Question 12

Opposite

Answer 12

two leaves per node

Question 13

Whorled

Answer 13

three or more leaves per node

Question 14

Distichous

Answer 14

leaves are arranged in only two rows; ie corn and irises

Question 15

Decussate

Answer 15

leaves are arranged in four rows

Question 16

Spiral

Answer 16

each leaf is slightly to the side of the ones immediately above and below it and the leaves form a spiral up the steam (most common arrangement)

Question 17

Stolons

Answer 17

an aerial stem with elongate internodes; it establishes plantlets periodically when it contacts soil; ie strawberry

Question 18

Bulbs

Answer 18

a short, subterranean (concealed), vertical stem that has fleshy scalelike leaves; ie onion

Question 19

Corms

Answer 19

subterranean, vertical stem that is thick and fleshy and has only thin papery leaves; ie gladiolus (flower)

Question 20

Rhizomes

Answer 20

fleshy, horizontal, subterranean stem involved in allowing the plant to migrate laterally; ie bamboo and iris

Question 21

Tubers

Answer 21

short, fleshy, horizontal stem, involved in storing nutrients but not in migrating laterally; ie potato

Question 22

Epidermis

Answer 22

the outermost layer of the plant primary body, covering leaves, flower parts, young stems and roots; made up of a single layer of living parenchyma cells

Question 23

Cuticle

Answer 23

layer of cutin (fatty acid substance making water impermeable) on epidermal cells; restricts entry of carbon dioxide and water

Question 24

Wax

Answer 24

extremely hydrophobic; contributes to water containing capacity of epidermis

Question 25

Stoma

Answer 25

can also mean “stomatal pore” (see def) and can also mean “stomatal complex” guard cells plus stomatal pore

Question 26

Guard Cells

Answer 26

pair of epidermal cells capable of adjusting their size and shape, causing the stomatal pore to open when they swell and close when they shrink

Question 27

Stomatal Pore

Answer 27

intracellular space between two guard cells; CO2 is absorbed through the pore and water is lost

Question 28

Trichomes

Answer 28

plant hair

Question 29

Cortex

Answer 29

below the epidermis; between the epidermis and phloem in stems and roots; composed of photosynthetic parenchyma and sometimes collenchyma

Question 30

Vascular Xylem

Answer 30

the water and mineral conducting portion of vascular tissues, containing either tracheids or vessel elements or both

Question 31

Tracheids

Answer 31

a xylem conducting cell; type of sclerenchyma; tend to be long and tapered with no perforations

Question 32

Vessel Element

Answer 32

type of sclerenchyma; xylem conducting cell that has one or two perforations (complete hole in the primary wall that permits water to flow easily from one vessel to another)

Question 33

Vascular Phloem

Answer 33

distributes sugars and minerals

Question 34

Sieve Cells

Answer 34

phloem conducting cells in angiosperms; long and tapered

Question 35

Albuminous cells

Answer 35

nurse cell connected to and controlling a enucleate sieve cell in the gymnosperm phloem

Question 36

Sieve tube members

Answer 36

in the phloem of the angiosperms, a column of sieve tube members interconnected by large sieve areas and sieve pores

Question 37

Companion cells

Answer 37

nurse cell that is connected to and a sister cell to an enucleate sieve tube member

Question 38

Vascular Bundle

Answer 38

column of vascular tissue, typically both xylem and phloem together, but in leaves sometimes consisting of only one or the other

Question 39

Pith

Answer 39

region of parenchyma located in the center of most shoots and some roots, surrounded by vascular bundles

Question 40

Apical Meristem

Answer 40

a group of cells specialized for the production of new cells located at the farthest point of the tissue or organ produced

Question 41

Subapical Meristem

Answer 41

the region of a shoot or root just proximal to the apical meristem

Question 42

Protoderm

Answer 42

any immature epidermal cell

Question 43

Provascular

Answer 43

cells in the primary plant body that later differentiate into xylem, phloem or vascular cambium

Question 44

Ground Meristem

Answer 44

any expanse of meristematic tissue that produces somewhat uniform mature tissue

Question 45

Primary Tissues

Answer 45

the tissues derived more or less directly from an apical meristem or leaf primordium; the tissues of the primary plant body

Question 46

Primary Growth

Answer 46

production of new cells by shoot and root apical meristems and leaf primordia

Question 47

Determinate Growth

Answer 47

growth that stops at a genetically predetermined size; typically of leaves and flowers but not of whole shoots and roots

Question 48

Indeterminate Growth

Answer 48

growth not limited by a plant’s own genetic development program; most trees have this

Question 49

Determinate Organogenesis

Answer 49

number of organs is predetermined; humans

Question 50

Indeterminate Organogenesis

Answer 50

number of organs is not written in the organism’s genetic code; plants