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Plant Biology > Ch 9 > Flashcards

Ch 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Fragmentation

A

a large spreading or vining plant grows to several meters in length and individual parts become self-sufficient by establishing adventitious roots; if middle portions of the plant die, the ends become separated and act as individuals

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2
Q

Vegetative Reproduction

A

.

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3
Q

Ramets

A

.

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4
Q

Genets

A

.

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5
Q

Apomixis

A

.

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6
Q

Sperm and eggs

A

sex cells called gametes

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7
Q

Zygote

A

one sperm and one egg come together and the diploid cell which is the fertilized cell

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8
Q

Embryo

A

.

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9
Q

Adult sporophyte

A

a diploid plant that produces spores

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10
Q

Spores

A

a single cell that is a means of asexual reproduction; it can grow into a new organism but cannot fuse like a gamete

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11
Q

Gametophyte

A

a haploid plant that produces gametes

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12
Q

Complete Flowers

A

a flower having sepals, petals, stamens and carpels

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13
Q

Incomplete flower

A

a flower that is missing one or more of the four basic appendages (sepals, petals, stamens, carpels or any combination)

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14
Q

Pedicel

A

the stalk of an individual flower

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15
Q

Receptacle

A

the stem (axis) of a flower, to which all the other are attached

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16
Q

Sepals

A

in flowers, the outermost of the fundamental appendages, most often providing protection of the flower during its development

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17
Q

Calyx

A

collective term for all the sepals of one flower

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18
Q

Petals

A

the appendages, usually colored on a flower, most often involved in attracting pollinators

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19
Q

Corolla

A

a collective term for all the petals of a single flower

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20
Q

Stamens

A

the organs of a flower involved in producing microspores (pollen)

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21
Q

Filament

A

the stalk of a stamen, it elevates the anther

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22
Q

Anther

A

the portion of a stamen that contains sporogenous tissue which produces microspores (pollen)

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23
Q

Carpel

A

organ of a flower that contains ovules and is involved in the production of megaspores, seeds and fruits

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24
Q

Ovary

A

in a flower, the base of the carpel; the region that contains ovules and will develop into a fruit

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25
Q

Style

A

in the carpel, the tissue that elevates the stigma above the ovary

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26
Q

Stigma

A

in a carpel of a flower, the receptive tissue to which pollen adheres

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27
Q

Androecium

A

a collective term referring to all the stamens of one flower

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28
Q

Microsporocytes

A

in a heterogeneous species, a cell that undergoes meiosis, resulting in the production of four microspores

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29
Q

Pollen

A

in seed plants, the microspores and microgametophytes

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30
Q

Gynoecium

A

a collective term referring to all the carpels of a flower

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31
Q

Placenta

A

tissue in the ovary of a carpel to which the ovules are attached

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32
Q

Ovule

A

the structure in a carpel that contains megasporangium and will develop into a seed

33
Q

Nucellus

A

the megasporangium of an ovule

34
Q

Nucellus

A

the megasporangium of an ovule; central mass of parenchyma

35
Q

Integuments

A

in flowers, the covering layer over the nucellus of an ovule; usually an inner and outer integument is present; two thin sheets of cells that cover almost the entire nucellus surface

36
Q

Microgametophyte

A

a gametophyte that produces microgametes (sperms) only

37
Q

Vegetative cell

A

large cell; in the pollen grain of seed plants, the cell or cells that do not give rise to the sperm cells; the cell that is not the generative cell

38
Q

Generative cell

A

small lens-shaped; in the pollen grains of seed plants, the cell that gives rise directly to the sperm cells

39
Q

Pollen tube

A

after landing on a compatible stigma or gymnosperm megasporophyll, a pollen gran germinates with a tubelike process that carries the sperm cells to the vicinity of the egg cell

40
Q

Megagametophyte

A

a gametophyte that produces megagametes (eggs) only

41
Q

Embryo sac

A

,

42
Q

Embryo sac

A

a common synonym for the megagametophyte of flowering plants; eggs

43
Q

Central cell with polar nuclei

A

in the megagametophyte in a flower’s ovule, the cell that contains two nuclei (usually) and develops into endosperm after fertilization

44
Q

Antipodals

A

one of several (usually three) cells in the angiosperm megagametophyte, located opposite the egg cell and the synergids

45
Q

Egg with synergids

A

in the egg apparatus of an angiosperm megagametophyte, there is one egg and one or two adjacent cells, synergids; the pollen tube enters one of the synergids

46
Q

Double Fertilization

A

the process unique to angiosperms in which one sperm fertilizes the egg (forming the zygote) and the other sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei (forming the primary endosperm nucleus)

47
Q

Endosperm

A

the tissue, usually polyploid, which is formed during double fertilization only in angiosperms and which nourished the developing embryo and seedling

48
Q

Cotyledons

A

in embryos of seed plants, the rather leaflike structures involved in either nutrient storage (most dicots and gymnosperms) or nutrient transfer from the endosperm (most monocots)

49
Q

Radicle

A

main root of a seed; it is the direct continuation of the embryonic stem

50
Q

Epicotyl

A

in the embryo of a seed, the embryonic shoot, located above the cotyledons

51
Q

Hypocotyl

A

the portion of an embryo axis located between the cotyledons and the radicle

52
Q

Seed coat

A

the protective layer on a seed; the seed coat develops from one or both integuments

53
Q

Exocarp

A

outermost layer of the fruit wall; in fleshy fruits, the rind or peel

54
Q

Mesocarp

A

the middle layer of the fruit wall

55
Q

Endocarp

A

the innermost layer of the fruit wall, the pericarp

56
Q

Cross pollination

A

the pollination of a flower by pollen from a completely different plant

57
Q

Self pollination

A

the pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant

58
Q

Dichogamy

A

.

59
Q

Self incompatibility

A

chemical reactions between pollen and carpels that prevent pollen growth; incompatibility genes

60
Q

Monoecy

A

the condition in which a species has imperfect flowers (some staminate, others capellate) but both are located on the same sporophyte

61
Q

Dioecy

A

the condition in which a species has two types of sporophyte - one with stamens and one with carpels

62
Q

Coevolution

A

two species become increasingly adapted to each other, resulting in a highly specific interaction

63
Q

Pollination Syndromes

A

.

64
Q

Determinate Inflorescence

A

has a limited potential for growth because the inflorescence apex is converted to a flower, ending its possibilities for continued growth

65
Q

Indeterminate Inflorescence

A

the lowest or outermost flowers open first and even while these flowers are open, new flowers are still being initiated at the apex

66
Q

Coryumb

A

a flower cluster whose lower stalks are proportionally longer so that the flowers form a flat or slightly convex head

67
Q

Cyme

A

a flower cluster with a central stem bearing a single terminal flower that develops first, the other flowers in the cluster developing as terminal buds of lateral stems

68
Q

Head

A

anything from a small cluster to hundreds or sometimes thousands of flowers are grouped together to form a single flower-like structure

69
Q

Panicle

A

a loose, branching cluster of flowers, as in oats

70
Q

Raceme

A

a flower cluster with the separate flowers attached by short equal stalks at equal distances along a central stem. The flowers at the base of the central stem develop first

71
Q

Spike

A

stalked flowers arranged singly along an elongated unbranched axis, with the flowers at the bottom opening first

72
Q

Umbel

A

a flower cluster in which stalks of nearly equal length spring from a common center and form a flat or curved surface, characteristic of the parsley family

73
Q

True fruit

A

a fruit that developed only from carpel tissue, not containing any other tissue

74
Q

Accessory fruit

A

a fruit that contains nonovarian tissue

75
Q

Simple fruit

A

a fruit that develops from a single carpel or the fused carpels of a single flower

76
Q

Aggregate fruit

A

a fruit that develops from the crowding together of several separate carpels of one flower; ie raspberries

77
Q

Multiple fruit

A

a fruit formed by the crowding together of the individual fruits of an entire inflorescnce; ie figs and pineapples

78
Q

Dehiscent fruit

A

break open and release the seeds

79
Q

Indehiscent fruit

A

remaining closed at maturity, not opening; true of many fruits and the megasporangia of seed plants

Plant Biology (19 decks)

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