TEN: Science Ch.2 Clarification & Naming Of Compounds

Question 1

IUPAC

Answer 1

The international Union of pure and applied chemistry
It is an international scientific organization, not affiliated with any government and it drives to advance Chem, in part by setting global standards for names, symbols and units

Question 2

Ions

Answer 2

Electrically charged atom or group of atoms

Question 3

Ionization

Answer 3

The process of gaining or losing electrons to attain a full outer energy level and become less reactive… Noble gases have full valence electron levels, therefore they are the least reactive of the elements

Question 4

Ionic compounds

Answer 4

They are formed when electrons transfer from one atom to another. Ionic compounds are usually composed of a metal and nonmetal held together with an ionic bond
Ionic compounds can also be formed between a metal and complex ion
The result is a gain or loss of electrons to form the bond with another element
The metal ion is always the first element in the formula, and the nonmetal is the second
Have no effect on litmus paper

Question 5

Ionic bonds

Answer 5

Extremely strong bonds that hold compounds together
They are extremely stable and often form solids at room temp
They involve a transfer of electrons and a change in energy level
Form a lattice structure

Question 6

Rules for naming ionic compounds: cation

Answer 6

The formula either begins with a metallic element of with the ammonium ion (NH4+)
and The first part of the name is the cation and the second is the anion
If it starts with (NH4+) then the cations name is ammonium
Look at your periodic table to determine which ion charge is being used, it could have 2
If it starts with a univalent metal ion, the cations name is the same of the metal
If multitalent, then the cations name is followed with a Roman numeral to which ion charge you used

Question 7

Rules for naming ionic compounds: anion

Answer 7

If it is an element you change the ending to “ide”

If it has more then one element look at the polyatomic ion list in the data sheet

Question 8

Binary molecular compounds

Answer 8

They are formed by the sharing of electrons between two nonmetals
Rules for naming them: if there is more than one atom of a given type in the compound than use a subscript to indicate the amount of atom present… The subscripts are in the data booklet
The prefix mono is never used in the first element
Add “ide” to the end of the second element
If the second element is only one atom, use mono as its prefix

Question 9

Molecular compounds to be memorized:

Answer 9

H2O- water
H2O2- hydrogen peroxide
CO- carbon monoxide 
CO2- carbon dioxide
O3- ozone 
C3H8- propane
NH3- ammonia
CH4- methane 
CH3OH- methanol
C6H12O6- glucose
C12H22O11- sucrose 
C2H5OH- ethanol

Question 10

Indicator

Answer 10

Chemicals that are used to determine if a solution is an acid or base
Litmus paper- blue turns red if an acidic solution, red turns blue if a basic solution
Phenolphthalein- stays colourless in an acidic solution, turns pink in a basic solution
Bromothynol blue- turns yellow in an acidic solution and stays blue in a basic solution

Question 11

Acids

Answer 11

Acids react with water to release hydrogen ions in a solution, which conduct electricity
PH less than 7
Tastes sour
Burns skin (corrosive)
Corrodes metal to form hydrogen bubbles
Forms a solution which conducts electricity (electrolyte)
Forms a salt and water when mixed with a base
Ex: stomach acid, vinegar and rain water
Their formulas start with hydrogen (H+)
Reacts with magnesium or zinc to produce H2 (g)

Question 12

Bases

Answer 12

Bases dissolve in water to release hydroxide ions in a solution which conducts electricity
PH greater than 7
Tastes bitter
Burns skin (slippery)
No reaction with metals
Forms a solution which conducts electricity (electrolyte)
Forms a salt and water when mixed with an acid
Ex: Blood, soap, oven cleaner
Formulas end with hydroxide (OH-)

Question 13

Naming acids and bases

Answer 13

Acids: If ionic name ends with “ide” it’s name will be hydro_ic acid
If ionic name ends with “ite” it’s name will be _ous acid
If ionic name ends with “ate” it’s name will be _ic

Bases: same as writing ionic compounds!

Question 14

Neutral substance

Answer 14

Is neither an acid or a base
A very slightly acidic solution is almost neutral
A very slightly basic solution is almost neutral
Doesn’t conduct electricity
No effect on litmus

Question 15

Solubility

Answer 15

The maximum amount of a substance (solute) that will dissolve in another substance (solvent) at a particular temp or pressure
A solubility table is composed of ions which helps us to determine whether or not an ionic compound formed in a chemical reaction will remain in the solution as ions or will precipitate out of the solution as a solid
How to use it: locate the last element in the formula across the top row
Then locate another element which is attached- if it is in the box labelled very soluble then the compound is an aqueous (aq)
If it is labelled slightly soluble then the compound is given the state solid (s)

Question 16

Toxic substance

Answer 16

Any chemical or mixture that may be harmful to the environment and to human health it swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through skin
Essentially all chemicals are toxic at some point
Toxicity is dependent not only on the chemical, but on how much a person is exposed to it
They are man made and natural (can be found in plants)
The environment, plants and animals are all affected by toxic substances

Question 17

Empirical

Answer 17

The definition can be directly seen and done

Question 18

Theoretical

Answer 18

The definition cannot be seen happening (scientific)

Question 19

Diatomic elements

Answer 19

Non-metallic atoms that bind by sharing electrons with the same atom
They are the Jens: halogens and elements that end in Jen