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4u bio > 3.1/3.2/3.3 > Flashcards

3.1/3.2/3.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the cell

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2
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

A sequential series of chemical reactions in living cells; each reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme

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3
Q

What is the function of many metabolic pathways?

A

To break down energy-rich compounds such as glucose and convert the energy into a form that the cell can use.

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4
Q

Active Transport is a ________ process.

A

Catabolic

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

The process of breaking down compounds into smaller molecules to release energy.

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6
Q

What two types is energy often classified as?

A

Kinetic and Potential

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

The process of using energy to build large molecules from smaller molecules

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8
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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9
Q

What is an example of potential energy transforming into kinetic energy?

A

A boulder perched on a hilltop has potential energy.

As it starts to roll downhill, some of its potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy.

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10
Q

What does much of the work in living cells involve?

A

The transformation of potential energy into kinetic energy.

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11
Q

Thermal Energy

A

The kinetic energy of particles moving in random directions.

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12
Q

An increase in the kinetic energy of particles of an object increases the ________________ of the object.

A

Temperature

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13
Q

Heat

A

The transfer of thermal energy from one object to another due to a temperature difference between the objects.

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14
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Potential energy stored in the arrangement of the bonds in a compound.

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15
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy of motion

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16
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored Energy

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17
Q

Bond Energy

A

Energy required to break (or form) a chemical bond.

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18
Q

The First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one type into another and transferred from one object to another.

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19
Q

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

During any process, the universe tends toward disorder.

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20
Q

Entropy

A

A measure of disorder.

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21
Q

Enthalpy

A

The amount of heat in a system.

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23
Q

Endergonic

A

Chemical reaction that requires energy which causes an increase in free energy (change in G is positive)

  • not spontaneous
  • energy of products is more than the energy of reactants
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24
Q

Exergonic

A

Chemical reaction that releases energy which causes a decrease in free energy (change in G is negative)

  • spontaneous
  • energy of products is less than energy of reactants
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25
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The science that studies the transfer and transformation of thermal energy (heat)

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26
Q

When a chemical bond forms _________ is released.

A

Energy

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27
Q

The amount of energy needed to break a bond is equal to…

A

The amount of energy released when the bond is formed.

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28
Q

What do the laws of thermodynamics apply to?

A

A System and its Surroundings

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29
Q

System

A

Whatever object of objects are being studied.

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30
Q

Surroundings

A

Everything in the universe outside of the system.

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31
Q

Open System

A

A system and its surroundings that can exchange matter and energy with each other.

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32
Q

Energy Transformations Proceed Spontaneously to…

A

Convert matter from a more ordered less stable condition to a less ordered, more stable condition.

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33
Q

What type of system does the the second law of thermodynamics apply to?

A

Closed Systems

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34
Q

___________ reduces disorder;____________ increases it.

A

Chemical bonding; heat

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35
Q

Forms of Kinetic Energy

A
  • Thermal
  • Mechanical
  • Electromagnetic
  • Electrical
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36
Q

Thermal Energy

A

The random motion of particles.

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37
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

The coordinated motion of particles.

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38
Q

Electromagnetic Energy

A

The motion of light.

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39
Q

Electrical Energy

A

The motion of charged particles.

40
Q

Types of Potential Energy

A
  • Gravitational Energy

- Chemical Energy

41
Q

Gravitational Energy

A

Attraction between two objects.

42
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Attraction of electrons to protons in a chemical bond.

43
Q

Potential Energy Diagram

A

Shows the changes in potential energy that take place during a chemical reaction.

44
Q

Exothermic

A

A net amount of energy is released.

45
Q

Endothermic

A

A net amount of energy is absorbed.

46
Q

Transition State

A

The temporary condition in which bonds within reactants are breaking and the bonds between products are forming.

47
Q

When is enthalpy positive?

A

In endothermic reactions

48
Q

When is enthalpy negative?

A

In exothermic reactions.

49
Q

In chemical reactions, entropy increases when…

A
  • solid reactants become liquid or gaseous
  • liquid reactants become gaseous products
  • fewer moles of reactant molecules rom a greater number of moles in product molecules
  • complex molecules react to form simpler molecules
  • solutes move from and area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
50
Q

The universe favours an __________ in entropy!

A

INCREASE

51
Q

What two factors determine if a physical or chemical change will occur spontaneously?

A

Entropy and Enthalpy

52
Q

Are Exothermic Reactions Favored or Not?

A

Favored

53
Q

Are Endothermic Reactions Favored or Not?

A

Not Favored

54
Q

Is an Increase in Entropy Favored?

A

Favored

55
Q

Is a Decrease in Entropy Favored or Not?

A

Not Favored

56
Q

The Spontaneity of an Exothermic Reaction with an Increase in Entropy

A

Spontaneous At All Temperatures

57
Q

The Spontaneity of an Exothermic Reaction with a Decrease in Entropy

A

Not Spontaneous at High Temperatures; Spontaneous at Low Temperatures

58
Q

The Spontaneity of an Endothermic Reaction with an Increase in Entropy

A

Not Spontaneous at Low Temperatures; Spontaneous at High Temperatures

59
Q

The Spontaneity of an Endothermic Reaction with a Decrease in Entropy

A

Not Spontaneous at All Temperatures; These changes proceed only with a net input of energy.

60
Q

Example of How the Second Law of Thermodynamics is Both Violated But Obeyed

A

Living organisms create order out of chaos in a local area of the universe at the expense of creating a greater amount of disorder in the universe as a whole . For example, photosynthesis creates order on Earth at the expense of greater disorder on the Sun.

61
Q

ATP

A
  • adenosine triphosphate
  • energy currency of the cell
  • purine nitrogenous base adenine attached to a 5 carbon sugar ribose plus 3 phosphate groups
62
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP

A
  • the terminal phosphate is broken off

- 31 kJ/mol of free enrgy is released

63
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The process of attaching a phosphate group to an organic molecule.

64
Q

Coupled Reaction

A

The energy released by an exothermic reaction drives the endothermic reaction.

65
Q

Uses of ATP

A
  • chemical work: eg. synthesis of macro-molecules making up the cell
  • mechanical work: eg. muscle contractions, cilia movement, chromosomes movement
  • transport work: active transport
66
Q

ATP Advantages

A

1) Energy-rich molecules found in all cells
2) recycled, on-going process (some energy is used to make more ATP)
3) ATP breakdown is coupled with endothermic reactions in such a way that energy loss is minimized

67
Q

Electron Carriers

A

Compounds that pick up electrons from energy-rich compounds and then donate them to low-energy compounds.

68
Q

NAD+ and NADH

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

-NAD+ is oxidized form and NADH is reduced form

69
Q

FAD and FADH2

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

  • FAD is oxidized form
  • FADH2 is reduced form
70
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Catabolic Pathways That Require Oxygen

71
Q

Equation for Aerobic Respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + 36 ATP

72
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

ATP Formation From Transferring a Phosphate Group to ADP

73
Q

Glycolysis

A

Metabolic Pathway That Breaks Glucose Down to Pyruvate

74
Q

Net Reaction for Glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi —> 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

75
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Catabolic Pathways That Break Down Energy-Rich Compounds to Produce ATP

76
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

A process that couples the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by the electron transport chain with the synthesis of ATP by phosphorylation of ADP

77
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

A series of electron carriers and protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accept and donate electrons in a sequential series resulting in oxidative phosphorylation.

78
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

A process that uses energy in a hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane to drive phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

79
Q

Free Energy

A

Energy from a chemical reaction that is available for doing work.

80
Q

Some organisms that live in oxygen free environments must use different electron acceptors. What are these?

A

Sulfate, Nitrate, Carbon Dioxide

81
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

A metabolic pathway in which an inorganic molecule other than oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor during the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP.

82
Q

How does E.Coli get its energy?

A
  • when oxygen is available they carry out aerobic respiration
  • when oxygen is not available but nitrate is, they synthesize nitrate reductase which can accept electrons from the ETC and pass them to nitrate
83
Q

Nitrate as The Final Electron Acceptor (equation)

A

NO3- (aq) + 2e- + 2H+ —-> NO2- (aq) + H20 (l)

84
Q

Equation for Methanogens Metabolic Pathway

A

4 H2 (aq) + CO2 (aq) —>CH4 (g) + 2 H2O (l)

85
Q

What happens during intense exercise?

A

Oxygen cannot be delivered to muscle cells rapidly enough to supply the energy needs of the cells.

86
Q

What happens to the NADH when there is not enough oxygen available?

A

The NADH cannot be reoxidized by the ETC

87
Q

Fermentation

A

A cellular respiration pathway that transfers electrons from NADH to an organic acceptor molecule.

88
Q

Two Common Pathways of Fermentation

A

Lactate and Ethanol Fermentation

89
Q

What organisms carry out lactate fermentation?

A
  • some single-celled organisms

- some animal muscle cells that are temporarily without oxygen

90
Q

What happens in lactate fermentation?

A
  • pyruvate generated by glycolysis reacts with NADH to reoxidize it to NAD+
  • pyruvate is converted to lactate (lactic acid)
  • the reoxidized NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue
91
Q

Oxygen Debt

A

The amount of oxygen required to eliminate the lactate.

92
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

Organisms that can function both aerobically and anaerobically

93
Q

What happens when facultative anaerobes function anaerobically?

A

-they convert pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide through ethanol fermentation

94
Q

What is released during ethanol fermentation but not during lactate fermentation?

A

Carbon Dioxide

4u bio (11 decks)

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