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4U BIO > 4.1/4.2 > Flashcards

4.1/4.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Overall Reaction for Photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 6 H20 + energy —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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2
Q

What organelle does photosynthesis require?

A

Chloroplasts

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3
Q

What organisms carry out photosynthesis?

A

A) Some Bacteria
B) Protists (algae provide 67% of Earth’s oxygen)
C) plants

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4
Q

What are the two sets of reactions in photosynthesis?

A
  • Light-Dependent (photo)

- Light-Independent (synthesis)

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5
Q

Light-Dependent Reactions

A

In photosynthesis, the reaction that traps solar energy and uses it to generate ATP and NADPH.

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6
Q

Light-Independent Reaction

A

In photosynthesis, the reaction that assimilates carbon dioxide to produce an organic molecule that can be used to produce biologically important molecules such as carbohydrates.

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7
Q

Stages that Make Up The Light Dependent Reaction

A

1) photoexcitation

2) electron transport and chemiosmosis

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8
Q

Photoexcitation

A

Absorption of a photon to “excite” an electron in chlorophyll

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9
Q

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

A

Series of membrane bound electron carriers pumping H+ through the membrane creating an H+ gradient and NADPH; chemiosmosis: production of ATP

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10
Q

Grana

A

Stack of Thylakoids (approx. 60 chloroplasts)

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11
Q

Lamellae

A

Unstacked thylakoids between grana.

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12
Q

Thylakoids Membrane

A

A photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light-gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains.

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13
Q

Thylakoid Lumen

A

The fluid filled space inside a thylakoid.

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14
Q

Thylakoid

A

One of many interconnected sac-like membranous disks within the chloroplast, containing the molecules that absorb energy from the Sun.

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15
Q

Photon

A

Package of light.

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16
Q

Longer-wavelength photons have _________ amounts of energy and shorter wavelength photons have ________ amounts of energy.

A

Smaller; Larger

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17
Q

Pigment

A

A compound that absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light while reflecting others.

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18
Q

Photosynthetic Pigment

A

A compound that traps light energy and passes it on to other compounds.

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19
Q

Chlorophyll b and carotenoids

A

Act as accessory pigments.

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20
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

Only pigment that can transfer the light energy.

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21
Q

What two types of chlorophyll are contained in chloroplasts?

A

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

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22
Q

What happens during photoexcitation?

A
  • Chlorophylls a and b absorb photons with energies in blue-violet and red regions of spectrum and reflect the green light.
  • The photon of light striking the chlorophyll a molecule gives an electron energy and raises it to a higher potential energy level.
  • Excited Electron is captured by primary electron acceptor (a compound embedded in the thylakoid membrane)
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23
Q

Absorbance Spectrum

A

A graph that shows the relative amounts of light of different wavelengths that a compound absorbs.

24
Q

Photosystem

A

One of two protein-based complexes composed of cluster of pigments that absorb light energy.

25
Q

What do the chloroplasts of algae and plants have?

A

Photosystems I and II

26
Q

Reaction Centre Pigment of Photosystem I

A

Chlorophyll P700

27
Q

Reaction Centre Pigment of Photosystem II

A

Chlorophyll P680

28
Q

Step 1 of the Light-Dependent Reactions

A
  • P680 molecule in the reaction centre absorbs light photon, exciting an electron which travels to an electron acceptor
  • transferred to ETC
  • happens twice
29
Q

Step 2 of the Light-Dependent Reactions

A
  • water is split by the ‘z’ protein (oxygen leaves as byproduct)
  • H+ is in thylakoid space
30
Q

B6-f complex

A

Pumps hydrogen ions from the stroma across the thylakoid membrane and into the thylakoid space

31
Q

Step 3 of the Light-Dependent Reactions

A
  • Electrons leave PS II
  • H+ gradient is formed
  • Electrons move through ETC
32
Q

Step 4 of the Light-Dependent Reactions

A
  • light energy is absorbed by PS I
  • energy is transferred to reaction centre P700 where electrons become excited
  • electrons are transferred to electron acceptor
33
Q

Step 5 of the Light-Dependent Reactions

A

-electrons from PS I pass through another ETC with ferrodoxin (Fd) and move to enzyme NADP reductase to reduce NADP+ to NADPH (with H+)

34
Q

Step 6 of the Light-Dependent Reactions

A

-H+ protons move through ATPase complex from lumen to stroma forming ATP (chemiosmosis)

35
Q

How are the lost electrons in PS I replaced?

A

Replaced by electrons that have reached the end of the electron transport system from PS II.

36
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

The use of photons of light to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP via chemiosmosis.

37
Q

Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation

A
  • the production of ATP by the passing of electrons through the Z scheme
  • flow of electrons is unidirectional (electrons are transferred from photosystem II to NADP+ to form NADPH*
38
Q

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

A

-excited electrons leave PS I and are passed to an electron acceptor, then to the b6-f complex and back to PS I

39
Q

CO2 Assimilation

A

Conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds.

40
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

In photosynthesis, the reactions that convert carbon dioxide to the three-carbon organic molecule glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P); can occur in the absence or presence of light; also called the dark reactions and the Calvin-Benson cycle

41
Q

Where do the light independent reactions take place?

A

Stroma

42
Q

Three Phases of Calvin Cycle

A

1) Carbon Fixation
2) Reduction
3) Regeneration of RuBP

43
Q

For every ___ molecules of G3P made in the Calvin Cycle, ___ are used to make glucose and other high-energy compounds.

A

12;2

44
Q

Carbon Dioxide Fixation

A

The reaction of carbon dioxide with RuBP to produce two identical three carbon molecules, 3-phosphoglycerate

45
Q

Process of CO2 Fixation

A
  • the carbon in CO2 bonds to RuBP resulting in an unstable 6 carbon molecule
  • immediately breaks down into 2 identical molecules (PGA)
  • catalyzed by rubisco*
46
Q

C3 Photosynthesis

A

A process of converting carbon dioxide to G3P using only the Calvin cycle; involves production of a three-carbon intermediate (PGA)

47
Q

Reaction for Carbon Dioxide Fixation

A

CO2 + RuBP —> unstable C6 —> 2 PGA

48
Q

C3 Plants

A
  • regular everyday plants
  • open stomata during the day to breathe in CO2 and release O2
  • go through light and dark reactions
49
Q

Reduction (Second Phase of Calvin Cycle)

A
  • PGA is in low-energy state so to get to higher energy state it is activated by ATP and reduced by NADPH
  • results in two G3P [in reduced state (higher energy), some G3P leaves the cycle and can be used to form glucose or other molecules]
  • remaining G3P move to the third phase of Calvin cycle
50
Q

Regenerating RuBP (Third Phase of Calvin Cycle)

A
  • most G3P molecules are used to make more RuBP

- requires ATP to break and reform bonds

51
Q

How many times must the Calvin Cycle be completed to form a glucose molecule?

A

6

52
Q

What is regenerated by the 12 G3P from 6 cycles?

A
  • 10 are used to regenerate RuBP

- 2 are used to make glucose

53
Q

Net Equation of Calvin Cycle

A

6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + water —> 2 G3P + 16 Pi + 18 ADP + 12 NADP+

54
Q

Photorespiration

A

-the reaction of O2 with RuBP in a process that reverses carbon fixation and reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis

55
Q

Efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 plants

A

If each photosystem absorbs the maximum amount of light, the efficiency is 30%.

56
Q

C4 Plants

A
  • have structures that separates the initial uptake of carbon dioxide from the Calvin Cycle into different types of cells
  • concentrates CO2 in bundle sheath cells
  • different metabolic pathway brings the limited CO2 the bundle sheath cells where it is then used in the Calvin Cycle
57
Q

CAM

A
  • water-storing plants
  • use biochemical pathway in the same cell
  • CO2 fixation is separated from the Calvin cycle by time of day rather then types of cells
  • at night stoma open and CO2 enters the leaf, stoma is closed during the day and no CO2 enter

4U BIO (11 decks)

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