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Anatomy & Physiology > Cells & Tissues > Flashcards

Cells & Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of connective tissue? (Tip: there are 4)

A

Support/Anchor
Transportation
Storage
Defence

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2
Q

Name the different types of connective tissue.

Tip: There are 3 types

A

Connective Tissue Proper
Fluid Connective Tissue
Supporting Connective Tissue

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3
Q

List some examples of the types of cells found within connective tissue proper.

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Collagen
Mast Cells

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4
Q

Name and describe examples of Columnar Epithelium

A

Simple
Modified Simple
Complex

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5
Q

Define and describe a Eukaryotic cell

A

Multi-cellular organism
Contain a nucleus with DNA (Karyon)
Size 10-40 microns (or larger)
Extensive organelles

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6
Q

Describe endoplasmic reticulum (inc. function).

A

“Production line”
Two types - Rough & Smooth
Rough contains Ribosomes and is the site of protein synthesis within the cell
Smooth is the site of lipid synthesis in the cell

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7
Q

Describe the function and characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

Protective / Barrier function
Control absorption / secretion
Layers of closely bound cells supported by a basal membrane
1) covering internal and external surfaces of organs
2) lining of cavities and tubes

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8
Q

List the different types of epithelial tissue

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

They can be either Simple, Stratified or Keratinised

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9
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Complex?

A

“Assembly & Packaging”
Assembly - Carbohydrate modification
Packaging - modifying & sorting proteins into vesicles

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10
Q

Describe the structure and function of a Lysosome

A

“Recycling centre of the cell”

  • Small sacs containing enzymes
  • Has an extreme pH
  • Break down small food stuffs
  • Destroy unwanted proteins and chemicals
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11
Q

Do Mitochondria contain DNA?

A

Yes

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12
Q

List 5 key organelles within a cell

A 
Nucleus
ER
Golgi Complex
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
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13
Q

What is a prokaryote

A

A single celled organism

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14
Q

List the common characteristics of a Prokaryotic cell

A 
No Nucleus
Hereditary information held in cytoplasm
Limited number of organelles
Cell wall & Capsule
1-5 Micron in size
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15
Q

What important eukaryotic cell does not contain a nucleus?

A

Erythrocyte

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16
Q

Example site of simple squamous epithelia

A

Capillaries

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17
Q

Example site(s) of stratified squamous epithelia

A

Oral cavities, anus, vagina, oesophageal lining

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18
Q

Example of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

Skin on the palm of hands or soles of feet

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19
Q

What is Simple diffusion?

A

Net movement of chemicals from regions of a high concentration to regions of a low concentration, until they are distributed

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20
Q

What is Facilitated diffusion?

A

Plasma membrane integral carriers allow passage through protein channels

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21
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Water or solvent chemicals move from regions of a high concentration of water or solvent chemicals through a selectively permeable membrane

22
Q

What is filtration?

A

Hydrostatic pressure forces water and small chemicals through selectively permeable membranes from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

23
Q

What is active transport?

A

Plasma membrane protein carriers transport ions, chemicals from regions of a low concentration to regions of a high concentration

24
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Cytoplasmic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and expel particles from the cell

25
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Membrane-bound vesicles enclose large chemicals, take them into the cytoplasm, and release them

26
Q

What are 3 types of Endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

27
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

‘Cell eating’. Ingesting of solid particles. Forms phagosomes

28
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

‘Cell drinking’. Ingestion of fluid droplets and their dissolved substances. Pinosomes release contents into cytoplasm

29
Q

What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Specific plasma membrane receptors bind with chemicals, forming ligands, and take them into the cell’s cytoplasm via endosomes

30
Q

Why is particle size important in relation to cell membrane permeability?

A

Many small molecules can pass freely through membrane whereas larger ones have difficulty and may stay in interstitial or intracellular fluid

31
Q

What are pores in the cell membrane?

A

Channels that permit specific substances to move in and out of the cell

32
Q

What is the purpose of a pump in relation to the cell membrane?

A

It imports or exports specific substances eg ions into and out of the cell

33
Q

What substances make up the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid bi-layer with proteins
sugars
lipid cholesterol

34
Q

Describe the structure of phospholipid molecules including electrical charges (tip: water loving/hating)

A 
Electrically charged (polar) hydrophilic head 
Non-electrically charged (non-polar) hydrophobic tail
35
Q

What is the importance of the water hating central lining of the plasma membrane?

A

It makes interior of the plasma membrane relatively impermeable to most water soluble molecules

36
Q

What effect does cholesterol have on the plasma membrane?

A

Stabilizing effect

Helps keep it fluid

37
Q

What substance forms pores in the plasma membrane?

A

Protein clusters

38
Q

Why is the cell surface sticky?

A

Presence of Glycoproteins

39
Q

Are Glycoproteins present on the intracellular or extracellular space?

A

Extra-cellular

40
Q

List functions of glycoproteins

A

Determine blood type
Receptors for certain bacteria, virus or toxins to bind to
Role in cell to cell interactions

41
Q

List different types of membrane junctions

A

Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions

42
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

Membrane junction
Form leakproof sheets
Adjacent plasma membranes fuse like a zipper
Small intestine

43
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

Membrane Junction
Anchor
Prevent cells being pulled apart
Skin cells

44
Q

What is a Gap Junction?

A

Membrane Junction
Communication
Chemical molecules can pass through them from one cell to another
Heart and between Embryonic cells

45
Q

Are mitochondrial walls composed of a single or double membrane?

A

Double

46
Q

List the different types of Simple Epithelium

A

Simple Squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Pseudostratified Columnar

47
Q

List the different types of Stratified Epithelium

A

Stratified Squamous
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Columnar

48
Q

Oesophagus, mouth and outer skin are all examples of what type of epithelium

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

49
Q

Ducts of large glands are examples of what 2 types of epithelium

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

50
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder, ureters and urethra

A

Transitional Epithelium

51
Q

What is special about transitional epithelium

A

Cells slide past each other & change shape

Allows for Stretch

Anatomy & Physiology (24 decks)

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