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Anatomy & Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

List the organs that make up the Urinary system

A

Kidney
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

How large is an average sized kidney

A

11cm long
6cm wide
3cm thick

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3
Q

Where are the kidneys located in the body

A 
Posterior to (behind) abdominal wall
Inferior to (below) diaphragm
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4
Q

What is the Hillum?

A

Site of the kidney where renal arteries enter and veins and ureters leave

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5
Q

Which border is the Hillum of the kidney located?

A

Medial

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6
Q

What is the function of the Ureters?

A

Carry urine from Kidney to Bladder

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7
Q

How long are the Ureters?

A

25-30cm long

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8
Q

Which ureter is longer and why?

A

The right ureter because the right kidney is positioned higher than the left.

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9
Q

What movement occurs in the ureter and how often?

A

Peristalsis

4-5 times per minute

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a ureter.

A

Thick walled, narrow tube - 3mm diameter

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11
Q

What is the function of the Urinary bladder?

A

Storage of urine

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12
Q

How much urine can the bladder hold

A

Normally 230-300ml

Up to 500ml but this is painful

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13
Q

How many layers of tissue does the bladder have and what are they known as?

A

3 layers
Serous
Muscular
Inner mucous coat

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14
Q

What is the function of the uretha?

A

Pass urine to exterior

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15
Q

How long is the urethra in men and women?

A

Men - 18-20cm long

Women - 4cm long

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16
Q

How does the male and female urethra differ in function?

A

In women it serves the urinary system only

In men it is a common canal for reproductive and urinary system

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17
Q

List the functions of the Kidney

A

Body fluid Volume and osmolality Regulation
Electrolyte balance
Formation of urine through which metabolic waste products and toxins are released
Acid-base balance
Production of hormones and enzymes

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18
Q

What is Osmolality?

A

The concentration of solutes in the body fluid

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19
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney known as?

A

Nephron

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20
Q

What are the component parts of the nephron in order?

A 
Glomerulus
Bowman's Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle (Descending Limb)
Loop of Henle (Ascending Limb)
Distal convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
21
Q

Name the four stages of blood filtration occurring in the nephron.

A

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
Water Conservation

22
Q

What type of arteriole enters the glomerular capsule?

A

Afferent

23
Q

What type of arteriole leaves the glomerular capsule?

A

Efferent

24
Q

How is kidney disease diagnosed?

A

By reference to Glomerular Filtration rate

25
Q

What is the definition of chronic kidney disease?

A

GFR <60ml /min for more than 3 months

26
Q

How many stages are there to kidney disease?

A

5

27
Q

What is stage 5 kidney disease more commonly known as?

A

Renal failure or end stage renal disease

28
Q

What are the only available treatments for stage 5 kidney disease?

A

Renal dialysis or transplantation

29
Q

What is a normal GFR?

A

90-140 ml / min

30
Q

Which two parts of the nephron are particularly important in urine production?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting duct

31
Q

Why do microvilli line the PCT?

A

Create a greater surface area for reabsorption

32
Q

Why are there lots of mitochondria in the PCT?

A

Because solutes are reabsorbed in the PCT by the process of active transport

33
Q

What are type of substances absorbed by the PCT?

A

Sodium
Glucose
Amino Acids
Water

34
Q

How is sodium absorbed by the PCT?

A

Active transport

35
Q

How is Glucose and Amino Acids absorbed by the PCT?

A

Secondary Active Transport

36
Q

Water is absorbed by the PCT as a result of which transport method (form of diffusion)?

A

Osmosis

37
Q

With regard to reabsorption of substances in the PCT, what happens when transport proteins in the plasma membrane are saturated?

A

Glycosuria can occur as no more glucose can be reabsorbed

38
Q

Where in the nephron does counter current exchange take place?

A

Loop of Henle in Nephron

39
Q

What substances are absorbed in the Loop of Henle and the distal tubule and collecting ducts?

A

Sodium

Water

40
Q

How is sodium and water reabsorption regulated in the distal tubule and collecting ducts?

A

By hormones

41
Q

Why is counter current exchange useful?

A

It allows the kidneys to produce concentrated urine when there is a need to conserve water

42
Q

Where is potassium secreted in the nephron?

A

Distal Tubule and Collecting ducts

43
Q

Release of what hormone increases blood volume?

A

Aldosterone

44
Q

What effect does aldosterone have on electrolytes in the nephron?

A

Stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct

45
Q

Release of what hormone leads to a decrease in blood volume?

A

Atrial Natriuetic Peptide

46
Q

What effect does Atrial Natriuetic Peptide have on Sodium?

A

It increases it’s excretion

47
Q

What is ADH?

A

Anti-diuretic Hormone

48
Q

What effect does an increase in ADH have on the nephrons?

A

The collecting ducts reabsorb more water

49
Q

What effect does a decrease in ADH have on the nephrons?

A

It causes a decrease in water reabsorption in the collecting ducts

Anatomy & Physiology (24 decks)

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