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Anatomy & Physiology > Anaemia > Flashcards

Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Define Macrocytic anaemia.

A

Anaemia is lack of haemoglobin. Macrocytic refers to RBCs that are too large.

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2
Q

Define Microcytic anaemia.

A

The presence of small, often hypochromic RBC’s in peripheral blood smear. Low MCV <80 fl

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3
Q

Define Normocytic anaemia

A

Normal sized blood cells but there are a low number of them.

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4
Q

Define Hypochromic anaemia

A

Any anaemia where the blood cells are paler than normal. Hypo means less and chromic refers to colour

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5
Q

Define Hyperchromic anaemia

A

An anaemia with an increase of haemoglobin in individual RBC’s and reduction in the number of cells.

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6
Q

Define Normochromic anaemia

A

The concentration of haemoglobin in RBC’s is in the normal range but there are insufficient numbers of RBCs.

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7
Q

What is Anaemia?

A

“The inability of the blood to carry enough oxygen to meet the body’s needs” (Ross & Wilson, 2014, p73)

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8
Q

What are the average daily iron requirements for men, women & children?

A

Men 1-2mg
Women 3mg
Children require more than adults

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9
Q

List the characteristics of RBC in Iron deficiency Anaemia

A

RBC Count often normal
RBC are small, pale and of variable size
RBC often contain less haemoglobin than normal

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10
Q

Why might Iron deficiency anaemia occur?

A 
Deficient intake (either not enough or higher than normal demand)
Poor absorption from alimentary tract
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11
Q

What is Pernicious Anaemia?

A

An autoimmune disorder which leads to a B12 deficiency.

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12
Q

Other than an autoimmune disease what are the other reasons for a B12 deficiency?

A

Gastroectomy
Chronic Gastritis
Malabsorption

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13
Q

What is a result of a folic acid or B12 deficiency?

A

It can lead to a megoblastic anaemia

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14
Q

What are megoblastic Erythorcytes?

A

Red blood cells that are larger than normal?

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15
Q

Why does folic acid or B12 deficiency result in megablastic erythrocytes?

A

Rate of DNA & RNA synthesis is reduced delaying cell division. Cells therefore grow larger and some are nucleated.

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16
Q

What is the average life span of a megoblastic RBC?

A

40-50 days

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17
Q

When would Haemolytic anaemia occur?

A

RBCs destroyed or removed prematurely

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18
Q

What type of anaemia is sickle cell?

A

Congenital haemolytic

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19
Q

What is Haemolysis?

A

Process of RBC destruction

20
Q

What are common symptoms of Anaemia?

A

Pallor
Tiredness
Dyspnoea

21
Q

What is Dyspnoea?

A

Shortness of breath and breathing discomfort

22
Q

What type of anaemia results from Bone Marrow Failure?

A

Aplastic

23
Q

What are the presenting symptoms of Aplastic Anaemia?

A

Bruising and Bleeding

24
Q

List the known causes of Aplastic anaemia

A

Drugs
ionising radiation
some chemicals
viral disease (inc hepatitis)

25
Q

What disease do some sickle cell sufferers have immunity from and why?

A

Malaria

The life span of a blood cell is shorter than the time it takes for the malaria parasite to mature.

26
Q

What causes the RBC’s in sickle cell anaemia to be misshapen?

A

Abnormal Hb molecules become misshapen on oxygenation and if there are enough in a cell it will lead to sickle shaped cells.

27
Q

What is an acute episode of Sickle Cell anaemia referred to?

A

Sickle Crisis

28
Q

What is Thalassaemia?

A

Congenital Haemolytic Anaemia

29
Q

How does Thalassaemia affect RBC’s?

A

It causes abnormal haemoglobin production, in turn reduces Erythropoiesis and stimulates haemolysis.

30
Q

What are the symptoms in moderate to severe Thalassaemia?

A

Bone Marrow expansion

Splenomegaly

31
Q

What are the long term problems of Sickle Cell Anaemia?

A 
Cardiac Disease
Kidney Failure
Retinopathy
Poor tissue healing
Slow growth in children
32
Q

Why is there an increased risk of stroke for sickle cell anaemia sufferers?

A

Sickle cells can cause blockages in blood vessels because of their abnormal shape. if these blockages occur in the brain there is an increase risk of stroke or seizure

33
Q

What is Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn

A

Congenital Haemolytic Anaemia

34
Q

Who is at risk from contracting HDN?

A

Rh+ babies of Rh- mothers who have previously given birth to to Rh+ babies

35
Q

Why would a Rh- woman start producing Rh antibodies?

A

If she gives birth to a Rh+ baby and a small amount of the fetal blood mixes with her own.

36
Q

What preventative measure is used to avoid HDN?

A

Anti-D injections given within 72 hours of delivery of a Rh+ baby.

37
Q

What are common signs of Anaemia?

A

Tachycardia
Palpitations
Breathlessness on exertion

38
Q

Why does Anaemia cause tachycardia?

A

To improve blood supply and speed up circulation

39
Q

Why does Anaemia cause palpitations or chest pains?

A

Increased effort of overworked heart

40
Q

Why does Anaemia cause breathlessness on exertion?

A

To compensate for higher demand for oxygen from the tissues

41
Q

What causes Haemorrhagic Anaemia?

A

Acute or sudden blood loss

42
Q

Which organ of the body are the antibodies involved in Pernicious anaemia active?

A

The Stomach

43
Q

Parietal cells are attacked in which form of Anaemia?

A

Pernicious Anaemia

44
Q

Intrinsic Factor is produced by which organ?

A

The stomach

45
Q

What factor produced by the stomach is affected in Pernicious Anaemia?

A

Intrinsic Factor

46
Q

List complications of Vit B12 deficiency anaemia

A

Irreversible Neurological damage

Mucosal abnormalities

47
Q

Anaemia resulting from folic acid deficiency gives rise to neurological damage? True or False?

A

False

Anatomy & Physiology (24 decks)

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