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AP Psych > Unit 5- Sensation And Perception > Flashcards

Unit 5- Sensation And Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

First process details and then look at the big picture

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2
Q

Top-down processing

A

Look at the big picture first and then maybe attend to little details

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3
Q

Selective attention

A

Brain gives complete attention to one task at a time which causes us to often miss other information

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4
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Attention directed elsewhere

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5
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Minimum amount of a sensory stimulus needed to know it exists depends upon motivation, experience, and attention
-opposite of absolute threshold

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6
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum amount of a stimulus/sense necessary to know that it exists

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7
Q

Difference threshold

A

Smallest amount of a stimulus/sense needed to notice a change or difference

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8
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Difference threshold is based on a percentage change of the stimulus/sense

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9
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Overtime, our senses stop alerting us to existing sensory information

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10
Q

Transduction

A

Turn a sense into a message

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11
Q

Wavelength

A

What color depends on

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12
Q

Hue

A

The color we experience

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13
Q

Intensity

A

Control brightness of color

-how high up and down the waves are

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14
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in eye that lets light in

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15
Q

Iris

A

Color part of eye

-muscle that contracts and dilates to let light in

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16
Q

Lens

A

Behind pupil; changes shape to focus image on retina

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17
Q

Retina

A

Entire back covering of eye which contains all receptor cells

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18
Q

Accomodation

A

Specific to eye

-changes shape to focus image

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19
Q

Rods

A

Receptor cells that help see black and white; peripheral vision and at night

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20
Q

Cones

A

Located in fovea

-help see color, work in day, in center of vision

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21
Q

Optic nerve

A

Connects brain to the eye

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22
Q

Cornea

A

Protective covering over outer part of eye

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23
Q

Blind spot

A

Point at which your optic nerve is connected to your retina which contains no receptor cells

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24
Q

Fovea

A

Center of retina which contains all of the cones

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25
Q

Feature detectors

A

Specialized neurons in the occipital lobe that help us identify shapes, angles, and movement

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26
Q

Parallel processing

A

Doing many things at once

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27
Q

Young-Helmhotz trichromatic

A

We have 3 color cones in our retina that react to combinations of red, green and blue

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28
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Opposing sets of neurons in our brain that are stimulates by opposite colors
Green->red
Black->white
Yellow->blue

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29
Q

Audition

A

Hearing

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30
Q

Frequency

A

Determine the pitch of the sound

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31
Q

Decibles

A

Way to measure the intensity of the sound

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32
Q

Amplitude

A

Determines the loudness of the sound

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33
Q

Pitch

A

Determined by frequency

34
Q

Middle ear

A

Amplifies sound

  • hammer/anvil/stirrup
  • eardrum
  • earcanal
35
Q

Cochlea

A

Snail looking thing

  • filled with fluid and cilia that transduce sound into a neural message
  • part of inner ear
36
Q

Inner ear

A

Transduce sound

  • cochlea
  • semicircular canals
  • auditory nerve
37
Q

Pinna

A

Outer ear

-collects sound

38
Q

Eardrum

A

Thin membrane that vibrates to amplify sound

-part of middle ear

39
Q

Hammer/anvil/stirrup

A

3tiny bones that help amplify the sound

-part of middle ear

40
Q

Auditory nerve

A

Connects to the brain

-part of inner ear

41
Q

Place theory

A

Pitch we hear is determined by the location the sound waves strike the cochlea
Problem-wasn’t consistently explaining the low pitch sound

42
Q

Frequency theory

A

Pitch we hear is determined by the speed that the sound waves travel
Problem-unable to explain high pitch sounds

43
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Damage to cochlea or inner ear; much harder to treat but can be treated with a cochlear implant

44
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Damage to outer or middle ear resulting in hearing loss; can be treated with a hearing aid

45
Q

Cochlear implant

A

Very controversial because helps basically a def person become not def anymore

46
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

Sense of the position of our body parts in relation to each other

47
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Sense of overall body position and balance

48
Q

Gustatory sense

A

Taste

49
Q

Bitter/sour

A

Poisonous, spoiled

50
Q

Sweet

A

Need sugar/glucose for energy

51
Q

Salty

A

All cells need salt to function and balance out water

52
Q

Umami

A

Meaty

-need protein in body for functioning

53
Q

Olfactory sense

A

Smell

54
Q

Gate-control theory

A

If enough small nerve fibers are activated by pain, then the large nerve fibers will send a message of pain to the brain

55
Q

Sensory interaction

A

Smell and taste have strongest connection with each other

56
Q

Synesthesia

A

One sort of sensation produces a other

57
Q

Coetaneous

A

Touch

58
Q

Gestalt

A

Idea that we as humans prefer to see things as whole images

59
Q

Figure ground

A

Organize stimulus into a figure seen against the ground

60
Q

Similarity

A

Similar

61
Q

Proximity

A

Close to each other

62
Q

Closure

A

Fill in shape

63
Q

Continuity

A

Like images to flow or be connected/one piece

64
Q

Depth perception

A

Seeing objects in three dimensions

65
Q

Visual cliff experiment

A

Experiment with infants and baby animals to see if they can perceive depth perception-> they can
-Gibson and Walk

66
Q

Binocular cues

A

Depth perception cues that need both eyes open

67
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Each eye has its own image and then put together, it gives us a sense of depth

68
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Illusion of movement created when 2 or more lights blink on and off

69
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Recognize objects without being deceived by changes in size, shape, color, etc.

70
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth perception cues that only need one eye open

71
Q

Visual texture

A

We can tell that an object is closer to us if we can see more detail of its texture

72
Q

Interposition

A

We can tell if an object is closer to us if it is blocking our view of another object

73
Q

Color constancy

A

Know an object doesn’t change color based on its surroundings

74
Q

Size constancy

A

Know an object doesn’t change size based on its distance away from us

75
Q

Perceptual set

A

Perception is based on our expectations or previous experiences

76
Q

Extrasensory perception

A

Perception can occur apart from sensory imput

77
Q

Parapsychology

A

Do experiments that search for ESP

-study of paranormal phenomena

78
Q

Elanor Gibson

A

Visual Cliff

79
Q

Richard Walk

A

Visual Cliff

80
Q

Ernest Weber

A

Noted something that is now called Webers Law

81
Q

Herman Von Helmholtz

A
  • Trichromatic

- Place and problem theory

AP Psych (7 decks)

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