Kingdom Protista

Question 1

1st eukaryotic organism in fossil was found _____

Answer 1

1.5 BYA

Question 2

Endosymbiont Hypothesis

Answer 2

• Lynn Margulis
• Chloroplasts and Mitochondria originated as separate prokaryotic organisms that were taken inside a primordial eukaryotic cell

Question 3

Algae have _____ species

Answer 3

25,000

Question 4

Algal Life Cycle

Answer 4

• Sporophyte (multicellular 2N) produces spores
• Spores are unicellular (N)
• Spores germinate to produce gametophytes
• Gametophytes are multicellular (N)
• Gametophytes produce gametes
• Gametes are unicellular (N)
• Two gametes join (N+N) = 2N (zygote)
• Zygote becomes a sporophyte

Question 5

Phylum Chloryphyta

Answer 5

= Green Algae
[17,000 species]
- Freshwater moss
- Marine
- Pigments: clorophyll A & B
- Store food as starch (in plastids)
- cellulose common as cell wall material
* Probably ancestor to land plants

Question 6

Unicellular representatives of Green Algae

Answer 6

• Chlorella
• Dunaliella
• Chlamydomonas

Question 7

Chlorella

Answer 7

• Live in hollow hair of sloths [green algae]

Question 8

Dunaliella

Answer 8

• Source of beta-carotene [green algae]

Question 9

Chlamydomonas

Answer 9

• Common in freshwater [green algae]

*Chlamydomonas nivalis [snow]
- red, yellow, green
- carotenoids warm up algae by sun
- photosynthesize in snow
(phlagellum help move it back up to top of snow)

Question 10

Multicellular Green Algae

Answer 10

1. Filamentous Forms
   - spirogyra
2. Thallose Forms
   - Ulva: flat sheets
3. Colonial Forms
   - Volvox, Hydrodictyon

Question 11

Classes of Phylum Chromophyta

Answer 11

• Class Phaeophycae: Brown Algae
• Class Bascillariophycae: Diatoms
• chlorophyll a & c

Question 12

Qualities of Phaeophyceae

Answer 12

• chlorophyll a & c
• 1500 species
• temperate
• kelp
  -rockweeds
  *Food: laminarian starch
  SX: walls made up of algin [alginic acid]
• type: laminaria (sea tangles)

Question 13

Types of Brown Algae

Answer 13

• Macrocystis pyfera: Giant Kelp

[In temperate waters] = grows 0.5 meters/day

Question 14

SX of Kelp

Answer 14

• Lamina
• Pneumatocyst
• Stipe
• Holdfast

Question 15

Class Bacillariophycae

Answer 15

[diatoms]
- Golden Algae
- chlorophyll a & c
- 6,000 to 10,000 species
- pigement: fucoxanthin - diatoms
[ diatomaceous earth == filters (swimming pools)]

Question 16

Diatom Shapes

Answer 16

• Centric forms (circular) - mostly marine

- Pennate forms (kayak shape) - freshwater & marine

Question 17

Valves in Diatoms

Answer 17

• 2 valves overlapping eachother

- made of silica

Question 18

Diatom Division

Answer 18

• Asexual
• 1/2 stays the same size
• 1/2 divides smaller

Question 19

Phylum Rhodophyta

Answer 19

• Red Algae
• chlorophyll a & d
• pigment: phyrobilin pigments - red
• 6,000 species
• mostly marine
• food: floridean starch

Question 20

Species of Red Algae

Answer 20

• Irish Moss (Chondrus crispus)

* Has Carrageenan [milk protein stabilizer]

Question 21

Agar is derived from _____

Answer 21

• Red Algae

Question 22

Phylum Pyrrophyta

Answer 22

• Fire Algae
• Dinoflagellata
• Red Tides
• Has 2 phlagellums (1 down & 1 that wraps around)

example: Zooxanthellae [algae that lives inside coral]

Question 23

Phylum Haptophyta

Answer 23

• Coccolithophores = forms chalk (limestone)

Question 24

Algal Zonation

Answer 24

• Movement pattern of tides

Question 25

Red Tides

Answer 25

• Algal bloom (in optimum conditions)
• light (temperature)
• nutrients

Question 26

Slime Molds

Answer 26

• Phylum Dictyosteliomycota
• cellular slime molds
  [dictostellium]
• Phylum Mixomycota
• plasmodial slime molds
  [Physarum]

Question 27

Oomycota

Answer 27

• Water Molds
• Saprolegnia (infects grapes and fish tails
• Phytophthora infestans
• Potato Blight
• 1845 Irish Potato Famine
• Phytophthora ramorum
• Sudden Oak Death (bleeding, inner bark lesions)