Kingdom Plantae

Question 1

Kingdom Plantae Characteristics

Answer 1

• eukaryotic
• multicellular
• photosynthetic
• chlorophyll A & B
• starch store in plastids
• cellulose in cell wall
• non-motile
• TRUE tissues

Question 2

The Kingdom Plantae is assumed to come from _____ _____ sources

Answer 2

• green algal

Question 3

Kingdom Plantae consists of:

Answer 3

1. Mosses and moss-like plants
2. Ferns and fern-like plants
3. Gymnosperms (pines, firs)
4. Flowering plants

Question 4

Origins from Green Algal

Answer 4

• Chara (green alga)
• produces embryos
• molecular and developmental evidence links it together

Question 5

Non-Vascular Plants

Answer 5

• Small plants
• Typically moist areas
• Dominant gametophyte
• Spore producing plants

[mosses] - [liverworts] - [hornworts]

Question 6

Non-Vascular Plants Lack:

Answer 6

• True stems (caulids)
• True leaves (phyllids)
• Roots (rhizoids) = anchor plant
• No true xylem & phloem

Question 7

Three Phyla of Non-Vascular Plants:

Answer 7

1. Bryophyta - true mosses
2. Marchantophyta - liverworts
3. anthocerophyta - hornworts

Question 8

Phylum Bryophyta

Answer 8

• true mosses
• 9,500 species
• biflagellate sperm (flies around)
• homosporous - one kind of spore
• cuticle absent in most bryophytes (don’t need to protect from losing water b/c they are around enough)
• need mositure
• sensitive to pollution (esp. sulfur dioxide)
• bioindicators - tell when present b/c plants die

Question 9

_____ recycle nutrients in trees

Answer 9

• mosses
• slowly bring it down to be absorbed by roots
• tropical trees do it especially well

Question 10

Mosses house _______

Answer 10

• cyanobacteria

* 2x Nitrogen fixation in canopy, than on forest floor

Question 11

Female Reproduction in Mosses

Answer 11

• female gametophyte produces archegonia w/ eggs inside

Question 12

Male Reproduction in Mosses

Answer 12

• male gametophyte produces antheridia w/ motile sperm
• need water to swim to female
• union of sperm and egg give sporophyte

Question 13

Moss spore produces _____

Answer 13

• protonema

[small gametophyte]

Question 14

Definite fossils of bryophyta found ____ MYA

Answer 14

• 350

Question 15

Types of bryophyta

Answer 15

• Grimmia

- Sphagnum

Question 16

Grimmia

Answer 16

• no cuticle

- When it gets wet = puffs up green in seconds

Question 17

Sphagnum

Answer 17

[often in the floral industry]

• Occupies 1% of earth’s surface = 1/2 area of US
• Early surgical dressing
• absorbant [low pH]
• Tollund Man (thrown into swamp to die)
• Used for fuel, soil additive to gen. electricity
• Smoking of malt to make whiskey

Question 18

Phylum Marchantiophyta

Answer 18

• 6,000 species
• Liverworts
• Leafy liverworts
• Flattened thallose

Question 19

Doctrine of Signatures

Answer 19

If something looks like a part of the body, God put it there to heal that part and use it

Question 20

Phylum anthocorophyta

Answer 20

• anthoceros species
• “hornworts” - leaves with horn-like structures
• 100 species

Question 21

Fern & Fern Allies

Answer 21

• vascular spore-producing plants
• dominant sporophyte
• small, independent gametophyte

Question 22

Fern Overview

Answer 22

• Phylum polypodiophyta
• [polypodium = many feet]
• 12,000 species
• typically have rhizome [horizontal stem]
• have megaphylls [leaves w/ many veins]
• very tropical
• temperate moist areas

Question 23

Phylum Polypodiophyta

Answer 23

• Ferns with circinate leaves - uncoiling of leaf from crozier (circinate venation)
• roots all adventitious
• motile, flagellated, sperm (requires free water)
• Pteridomania - victorian era obsession of ferns
• contain small amounts of cyanide

Question 24

Fern Lifecycle

Answer 24

• Sporophyte (diploid, multicellular)
• Gametophyte (haploid, unicellular)
• Shoot spores mechanically, like a catapault
• gametophyte can be male/female, just male, or just female

Question 25

Sorus

Answer 25

• a cluster of spore-producing receptacles on the underside of a fern frond.

[sori - plural]

Question 26

Indusium

Answer 26

• covering over sori

Question 27

Sporangium have _______, which is the backbone of the catapault

Answer 27

• Annulus

Question 28

Fern Classification

Answer 28

Classified by:

• habitat [aquatic, terrestrial]
• growth form, stem type
• reproductive structures [spore placement on leaf]

Question 29

Fern Allies

Answer 29

• similar to ferns [dominant sporophyte, independent gametophyte]
• reduced leaves or no leaves at all
• microphylls (one vein)

Question 30

Phylums of Fern Allies

Answer 30

• Phylum Lycophyta
• Phylum Equisetophyta
• Phylum Psilophyta
• Phylum Rhyniophyta

Question 31

Phylum Lycophyta

Answer 31

[wolf plants]

• Sigillaria (fossil form) - major producers of coal
• Lepinodendron (major fossil form) 30-40 feet tall
• Extant Lycophyta
• club mosses - lycopodium
  ==lycopodium spores used for flash photography

Question 32

Phylum Equisetophyta

Answer 32

• horsetails
• Carbon and Silica in walls
• equisetum - modern genus
• oldest extant plant genus

Question 33

Calamites

Answer 33

• Ancient, tree-like horsetails

* Carboniferous period (300-360 MYA)

Question 34

Phylum Psilophyta

Answer 34

• Whisk ferns (like witches brooms)

- Psilotum - modern genus form *good representation

Question 35

Phylum Rhyniophyta

Answer 35

• 1st land plants*
  Genus:
• Cooksonia
• Rhynia

Question 36

Cooksonia

Answer 36

• genus of Rhyniophyta [5 species]
• simple plant
• dichotomous stems
• terminal sporangia

[425 MYA == spores found 450 MYA b/c encased in harder tissue]

Question 37

Rhynia

Answer 37

• genus of Rhyniophyta [aglaophyton]
• marshy environment
• simple plant
• dichotomous branching stems
• terminal sporangia
• cuticle - fossilized in mud/clay so more detailed presentation
• spore formers
• xylem

[412 MYA]