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PHSI 208 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Functions of the Resp system

A
  1. Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood
  2. Homeostatic regulation of body pH
  3. Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating
    substances
  4. Vocalization
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2
Q

External resp processes

A

Exchange

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3
Q

Components of the resp system

A
  1. The bones and muscles of the thorax (Chest Cavity) 2. Conducting system or airways
  2. Alveoli
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4
Q

what composes the chest cavity?

A 
Bones –
• Spine(T1-12) • 12Ribs
• Sternum
Muscles –
• Intercostalmuscles
• Diaphragm
Lining –
• 3 membranous sacs
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5
Q

purpose of pleural fluid

A
  1. Creates moist slippery surface

2. Holds lungs tight to thoracic wall

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6
Q

lobes of the right lung

A

superior, middle, and inferior

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7
Q

lobes of the left lung

A

superior lobe, inferior lobe

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8
Q

upper resp system

A

pharynx, vocal cords, esophagus, nasal cavity, rongue, larynx, and trachea

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9
Q

low resp system

A

lungs, bronchi, and diaphragm

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10
Q

role of the upper airway and bronchi?

A
  1. Warming air to body temperature
  2. Adding water vapor
  3. Filtering out foreign material
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11
Q

air flow

A

air enters via pharynx (nasal cavity/mouth); then flows through larynx (vocal chords) then trachea (wind pipe)

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12
Q

how does filtering occur in trachea and bronchi?

A

• Epithelial cells produce saline
Goblet cells produce mucus (forms layer overtop of the saline)
• Mucus contains immunoglobulins
Mucocilliary Escalator = Cilia pushes mucus towards pharynx

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13
Q

what cystic fibrosis?

A

mutation lol
decreased saline production, decreased mucus clearance–>increased bacteria colonisation of airways; increased occurence of lung infections

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14
Q

alveoli structure

A

type 1 alveoli cell for gas exchange (95% gas SA); endothelial cell of capillary; type II alveola cell (surfactant cell); limited ISF; alveolar macrophage

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15
Q

how does air enter the lungs?

A

pass through the nasal cavity, then the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynz OR the oral cavity, then the oropharynx, then laryngopharynx; then into the trachea and lungs

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16
Q

what causes cystic fibrosis?

A

mutation in the CFTR channel so that chloride cannot enter the saline in the lumen of the lung; water cannot passively diffuse with the Cl to create the saline; mucus then remains thick and cannot be moved up the mucocillary escalator so the filtering method is lost–> increased incidence in lung infection–>scar tissue build up–> tough for gas exchange–> can’t breathe

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17
Q

what is low pressure due to in the lungs?

A

shorter circuit, increased distensibility, and increase in CSA

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18
Q

why is it important to have low pressure in the capillaries?

A

if it was high–>fluid would be pushed out–>do not want this; for any filtering methods the lymphatic system takes over

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19
Q

like in the cardio system, there must be a drop in pressure for air to flow in the respiratory system

A

ya

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20
Q

mmHg to cm H2O

A

1 mm Hg = 1.36 cm H2O

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21
Q

mm Hg to kPa

A

760 mm Hg = 101.325 kPa

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22
Q

Normal sea level Patm is considered to be 760 mmHg but is usually set to 0 cm H2O by respiratory physiologists

A

ya

23
Q

what is dalton’s law

A

the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted by each gas

24
Q

the partial pressure of a gas is dependent on humidity (water vapour) in the air

A

ya

25
Q

eq’n for partial pressure in dry air

A

Pgas = Patm x % gas in the air

26
Q

eq’n of Pgas in humid air

A

(Patm-Ph2o)x % of gas in atmosphere

27
Q

eq’n for bulk flow of air

A

F = (Palv-Patm)/R; F = flow, R= resistance

28
Q

what is Boyle’s law?

A

P1V1=P2V2

29
Q

why is boyle’s law important in resipration?

A

helps explain how a change in lung volume results in a change in lung pressure driving the bulk flow of air; when alveoli relaxes during inhalation and V increases, alveolar pressure decreases –> air wants to enter lung; when it contracts during exhalation, V decreases and P goes up, so air wants to leave alv

30
Q

what is TV?

A

tidal volume, 500 mL; amount of air moved during a normal, quiet respiration

31
Q

what is total pulmonary ventilation?

A

TV X frequency of breaths = L/min

32
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

IRV; additional air that could still be inspired after quiet inspiration

33
Q

what is ERV?

A

the volume of air that s0ll remains within the lungs that can be expired is known as the
3. Expiratory reserve volume

34
Q

function of RV?

A
  1. Prevents airway collapse, after a collapse it takes an unusually large pressure to re-inflate it (Poiseuille’s law)
  2. It allows continuous exchange of gases.
35
Q

what are the four capacities looked at?

A

Total lung capacity, functional residual capacity, inspiratory capacity, vital capacity

36
Q

what is FEV1?

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 s; normally FEV1 in a healthy individual is 80% of vital capacity

37
Q

what is the major muscle for respiration?

A

diaphragm

38
Q

how does the diaphragm work in respiration?

A

contracts and flattens–>pulls lung (and attached alveoli down); increases volume, decreases pressure–> air moves in

39
Q

what is Sternocleidomastoids

A

muscle that lift the sternum outward, contributing the water pump handle effect during forced respiration

40
Q

what are the muscles of forced inspiration?

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoids; 2.Neck and back muscles; 3.Upper respiratory tract muscles
41
Q

how do neck and back muscles function in forced inspiration?

A

elevate pectoral girdle increasing thoracic volume and extend back

42
Q

how do upper resp tract muscles function in forced inspiration?

A

decreased airway resistance

43
Q

muscles involved in forced expiration?

A

1.Abdominal muscles 2.Internal intercostals and triangularis sterni 3.Neck and back muscles

44
Q

what is total lung capacity, and volume?

A

the sum of all 4 volumes; approx 5800 mL

45
Q

what is functional residual capacity, what volumes compose it, volume?

A

the capacity of air remaining in the lungs aTer quiet expira0on, the sum of ERV and RV, ~2300 mL

46
Q

what is inspirational capacity, what volumes compose it, and volume?

A

the sum of IRV and TV represen0ng the maximal amount of air that one can inspire at the end of quiet respiration; ~3500 mL

47
Q

what is vital capacity, what volumes compose it, and volume?

A

the sum of IRV, TV, and ERV represen0ng the maximal achievable 0dal volume. Clinician performs FEV1 during VC; ~4600 mL

48
Q

other than the diaphragm, what plays a role in passive inspiration?

A

external intercostals, scalenes

49
Q

how do ext intercost play a role in passive inspiration?

A

create a bucket handle and water pump handle motion; contraction of the EI muscles cause sternum to move up, along with ribs which move up and out

50
Q

how do abdominal muscles functions in forced expiration?

A

push thoracic cavity up more than normal—>exhale more air

51
Q

how do internal intercostals function in forced expiration?

A

moves inwards on inner ribs, closer together—>compression

52
Q

how does the triangular sterni function in forced expiration?

A

compresses sternum–>decreases volume of lungs

53
Q

compartments of the pleura, and their functions?

A

visceral pleura, attached directly to the lungs; intrapleural fluid, inner fluid that lubricates the lungs; parietal pleura, attached to ribcage and diphragm for coordinated movement of ribs/diphragm and lungs

PHSI 208 (32 decks)

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