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exam and Intervention II > Thermal Agents > Flashcards

Thermal Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Therapeutic application results in a transfer of heat to/from

A
  • pt body

- btw tissues and fluids of body

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2
Q

heating agents transfer heat to

A

body

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3
Q

cooling agents transfer heat

A

away from body

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4
Q

what are local physiological reaction to thermal modalities

A
  • localized sweating
  • piloerection
  • Changes in local metabolic rate, blood flow and skin conditions
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5
Q

What are Systemic physiological reaction to thermal modalities

A
  • generalized sweating or shivering

- cardiovascular changes

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6
Q

thermal agents include?

A
  • cryotherapy/ gel packs
  • superficial heat
  • deep heat
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7
Q

examples of superficial heat

A
  • moist heat packs
  • fluidotherapy
  • hydrotherapy
  • paraffin-wax bath
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8
Q

examples of deep heat

A

ultra sound

diathermy

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9
Q

Deep heat is also considered what?

A

mechanical/ electromagnetic

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10
Q

superficial thermal agents change temperature of what?

A
  • skin

- superficial subcutaneous tissues

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11
Q

superficial heat

A

Heat that, when applied at a maximally safe clinical dosage, is only capable to raising the temperature of the skin and superficial tissues (up to 2 cm deep) to a thermally significant level.

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12
Q

superficial heat is dry or moist ?

A

both

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13
Q

deep heating agents increase temperature of deeper tissues like

A
  • large muscles

- periarticular structures

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14
Q

deep heating agents heat up to depth of

A

5 cm

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15
Q

deep heat is in the form of

A

electromagnetic or magnetic energy

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16
Q

deep heat in the form of electromagnetic or magnetic energy is transmitted through

A

the skin and absorbed in deeper tissues (up to 5 cm) where it increases the kinetic action of molecules

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17
Q

what are the modes of heat transfer? (5)

A
  • conduction
  • convection
  • conversion
  • radiation
  • evaporation
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18
Q

materials with higher specific heat?

A
  • skin > fat or bone

- water > air

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19
Q

materials with a high specific heat requires more

A

energy to achieve the same temp increase than materials with low SH

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20
Q

Materials with high specific heat hold

A

more energy than materials with low SH at same temp

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21
Q

thermal agents with high SH are applied at what to transfer the same amount of heat

A

lower temp

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22
Q

what is conduction

A

an energy exchange by direct collision btw the molecules of two materials at diff temps

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23
Q

conduction requires what type of contact of the targeted area with the heating or cooling agent

A

direct contact

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24
Q

heat transfer by conduction occurs only btw materials of

A

different temps that are in direct contact with each other

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25
Q

safe and effective rate of heat transfer requires?

A
  • Choosing materials with moderate thermal conductivity
  • ensuring tolerable diff in temp
  • using insulators to limit rate of heat transfer
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26
Q

guidelines for heat transfer by conduction are?

A
  1. the greater the temp diff btw heating/cooling agent and the body part it is applied to, faster the rate of heat transfer
  2. materials with high thermal conductivity transfer heat faster than materials with low conductivity
  3. the larger the area of contact btw a thermal agent and pt, the great the total heat transfer
  4. rate of temp rise decrease in proportion to thickness
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27
Q

how many layers of toweling should be used btw hot pack and pt to avoid burns

A

6-8

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28
Q

what should you remove before using conductive thermal agent?

A

jewelry

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29
Q

what is convection

A

heat transfer by direct contact between a circulating medium with another material of a different temp

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30
Q

convection transfer more heat than

A

conduction in the same time period

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31
Q

examples of convection

A

whirlpool, fluidotherapy,

32
Q

circulating blood helps maintain physiologic temperature by

A

convection

33
Q

conversion converts

A

non-thermal form of energy into heat

34
Q

conversion can be what type of energy

A

mechanical, electrical or chemical

35
Q

ultrasound causes mechanical

A

vibration of molecules

36
Q

diathermy applies electromagnetic energy to the body, causing

A

rotation of polar molecules

37
Q

some cold packs require

A

chemical reaction to turn cold

38
Q

the temperature of thermal agent is not important, what is?

A

the power of the energy source is important

39
Q

conversion does not require

A

direct contact

40
Q

conversion does require?

A

intervening material to be a good transmitter for that type of energy

41
Q

conversion rate of tissue temp increases depends on what 4 things?

A
  • size of treatment area
  • size of applicator
  • efficiency of transmission from applicator to pt
  • type of tissue being treated
42
Q

what is radiation?

A

a direct transfer of energy from material of higher temp to material with lower temp without the need for an intervening medium or contact

43
Q

what transfer heat by irradiation?

A

infrared lamps

44
Q

radiation rate of temp change depends on

A
  • intensity of radiation
  • relative sizes of the radiation source and treatment area
  • distance and angle of the radiation to the treatment area
45
Q

During evaporation energy is absorbed to change what

A

liquid into a gas or vapor

46
Q

what is cooled in the process of evaporation

A

the material that contributes energy for evaporating

47
Q

examples of evaporation

A

vapocoolant spray or when sweat evaporates

48
Q

what impairs evaporation

A

humidity

49
Q

what responds to temp increase

A

metabolic, vascular, systemic

50
Q

metabolic response to temp increase is

A

an increase in metabolic rate

51
Q

vascular response to temp increase is

A

vasodilation

52
Q

systemic response to temp increase is

A

cardiovascular, sudomotor, respiratory, and renal

53
Q

An increase in metabolic rate causes what 2 things?

A
  • increase in phagocytosis

- Arteriolar dilation

54
Q

and increase in phagocytosis may to what?

A

hasten healing process

restoration of damaged tissues

55
Q

Arteriolar dilation increases

A

blow flow at heated site

56
Q

precautions of metabolic responses

A

vascular, renal, sweat balance mechanisms

57
Q

Pros of vasodilation

A
  • increase in rate of clearing metabolites (decreases pain or muscle spasms caused by the accumulation of lactic acid or other waste products)
  • Increase in amount of cooler blood arriving at the area and warmer blood being carried away, (helps prevent tissue damage from excessive heating)
58
Q

Con of vasodilation

A

increase in bleeding at injured tissue site or hemorrhage in its with ulcers and hemophilia

59
Q

cardiovascular responses

A
  • drop in peripheral blood pressure

- increase heart rate

60
Q

generalized vasodilation may create a drop in what

A

peripheral blood pressure

61
Q

therapeutic effects of system responses increase in blood flow which does what

A

brings nutrients to area

62
Q

precautions for systemic responses

A
  • increased bleeding

- drop in BP–> fainting

63
Q

sweat prevents what?

A

an increase in body temp

64
Q

how does sweat prevent an increase in body temp

A

process of evaporation, reducing local body temperature

65
Q

sudomotor responses

A

sweating

66
Q

Sweating results from activation of what

A

sweat glans when skin temp rises above 91.4

67
Q

respiratory responses increase breathing rate to do what

A

rid body of heat through evaporation of moisture in exhaled air

68
Q

how much of evaporation is loss through reparatory tract?

A

1/3

69
Q

renal responses rid the body of what

A

increase in metabolic by-products

70
Q

what is lost during urination

A

some heat (minimal/ insignificant )

71
Q

skin and fat are?

A

Insulators

72
Q

Vascular problems will prevent what

A

normal protective mechanisms to prevent tissue damage

73
Q

the ability of modality to give heat to the body depends on what?

A
  • amount of heat modality can provide
  • thermal conductivity properties
  • temp gradient btw pt and modality and time of application
74
Q

what is a definite contraindication to thermal therapy

A

severely impaired skin discrimination

75
Q

how many level of skin should be tested for sensory heat and cold discrimination ?

A

3-5 levels

exam and Intervention II (6 decks)

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