Respiratory System (Lecture 28)

Question 1

Respiratory System Functions

Answer 1

•Gas exchange: oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves
•Regulation of blood pH: altered by changind blood carbon dioxide levels
-there is a narrow range
-carbon and water=carbonic acid
-regulates the acid in the blood from carbon dioxide
•Voice production: movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech
•Olfaction: smell occurs when airborne molecules drawn into nasal cavity
•Protection: against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them

Question 2

Upper tract

Answer 2

•nose, pharynx ( throat), and associated structures

Question 3

Lower tract

Answer 3

•larynx (Voice Box), trachea, bronchi, lungs

Question 4

upper tract: nose and pharynx

Answer 4

•Nose
-external nose
-nasal cavity
•the bone partition in the nose is made up of cartilage and bone
•nasal septum is made up of the ethmoid and the vomer
•functions of the nasal cavity
-passage way for air
-smell
-cleans the air
•cillia moves mucus out of nasal cavity
•sweep mucus out of nasal cavity into throat
•sticky mucous traps airborne particles
-humidifies and warms the air
•air is normally cooler and drier than the air in lungs/if it is not warmed you could lose water and heat in lung tissue

Question 5

upper tract: Internal naris (Choana)

Answer 5

•opening between nasal cavity and throat

Question 6

Nasal Conchae

Answer 6

•both the nasal conchae and the nasal cavity are lined by psuedostratified columnar epithelial

 - filters the air as it passes over
 - filters out airborne paarticles

Question 7

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 7

• connected to nasal cavity

* air circulates here

Question 8

Nose and Pharynx

Answer 8

•Pharynx (throat)
-common opening for digestive and respiratory systems
-three regions
•Nasopharynx: first part of throat, connects ear to troat
•Oropharnx: second part of throat
•laryngopharynx: third part of throat

Question 9

Lower tract: Larynx (Throat)

Answer 9

Functions
•maintain an open passageway for air movement
•epiglottis and false vocal cords prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx
•true vocal folds are primary source of sound production (elastic)

Question 10

false vocal cords

Answer 10

• folds of tissue

* produces the glotal stop

Question 11

Trachea

Answer 11

•lined by cilliated psudeostratified columnar epithelial
•produces mucus, also in main bronchi
•Windpipe
-cartilage rings
•no cartilage on the posterior side of trachea
•rings prevent windpipe from collapsing
-elastic connective tissue
•divides to form
-primary bronchi (bronchus=singular)
•Carina
-most inferior tracheal cartilage
-cough reflex
•trachealis mucsle
-narrows trachea and helps to enhance cough

Question 12

Lower respiratory tract: conduction of air

Answer 12

• helps to filter air
  
  • trachea to terminal bronchioles which is ciliated for removal of debris
  • passageway for air movement
  • Cartilage rings hold tube system open and smooth muscle controls tube diameter

Question 13

lower respiratory tract: respiration

Answer 13

• respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

* site for gas exchange

Question 14

Alveoli

Answer 14

• clusters
  
  • site for gas exchange
  • lined by simple squamous because it allows for diffusion

Question 15

points to remember

Answer 15

•two major divisions of the respiratory system: upper and lower tract

 - upper tract:warms, moistens and cleans the air (nose and nasal cavity)
 - lower tract-prevention of entrance of food into lower react and sound production ( larynx), passageway of air to alveoli for gas exchange