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461-Foundations > Oxygenation Power Point > Flashcards

Oxygenation Power Point Flashcards

1
Q

______ is needed to sustain life.

A

Oxygen

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2
Q

The ____ and respiratory systems supply the oxygen demands of the body.

A

cardiac

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3
Q

The exchange of respiratory gases occurs between the _____ and the blood.

A

environment

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4
Q

_____ is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism.

A

Respiration

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5
Q

_____- and chemical regulators control the rate and depth of respiration in response to changing tissue oxygen demands.

A

Neural

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6
Q

The pressure in the pleural cavity is always ______. Less than atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg at sea level.

A

negative

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7
Q

Negative pressure between the ______ membranes is what keeps the lungs always partially expanded

A

pleural

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8
Q

Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during _______.

A

cellular metabolism

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9
Q

The airways of the lung transfer oxygen from the atmosphere to the _____, where the oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.

A

alveoli

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10
Q

Through the ______ membrane, oxygen transfers to the blood, and carbon dioxide transfers from the blood to the alveoli.

A

alveolar capillary

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11
Q

________ is the effort required to expand and contract the lungs.

A

Work of breathing

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12
Q

______ active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta.

A

Inspiration

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13
Q

______ passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work.

A

Expiration

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14
Q

_______ Chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing. A reduction in the chemical surfactant causes atelectasis.

A

Surfactant

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15
Q

_______ Collapse of the alveoli that prevents the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

A

Atelectasis

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16
Q

An active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta; a passive process for expiration

A

Inspiration =

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17
Q

Lung volumes: tidal, residual, forced vital capacity (FVC); spirometry are needed for diagnosis of _____ and other respiratory diseases.

A

asthma

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18
Q

The thickness of the alveolar capillary membrane _____ diffusion and exchange of respiratory gases. It also decreases delivery of oxygen to tissues which can result in pneumonia, pulmonary infiltrates and ________.

A

slows

pulmonary edema

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19
Q

______ regulation takes place in the Central nervous system since it controls the respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm. The cerebral cortex regulates the _____ control of respiration.

A

Neural

voluntary

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20
Q

_____ regulation Maintains the rate and depth of respirations based on changes in the blood concentrations of CO2 and O2, and in hydrogen ion concentration (pH)

A

chemical

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21
Q

____ sense changes in the chemical content and stimulate neural regulators to adjust.

A

chemoreceptors

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22
Q

Cardiopulmonary physiology involves delivery of deoxygenated blood (blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen) to the right side of the heart and then to the lungs, where it is ____.

A

oxygenated

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23
Q

End-diastolic pressure is also called ____

A

preload

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24
Q

Resistance to left ventricular ejection is known as _____.

A

afterload

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25
Q

Physiologic Factors Affecting Oxygenation

A

Cardiac disorders
Respiratory disorders: hypo and hyperventilation, hypoxia
Alterations is chest wall movement: trauma, collapsed lung

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26
Q

Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity affects oxygenation

A

Anemia- lower than normal hemoglobin
Decreased hemoglobin production
Increased red blood cell destruction
Blood loss
Significant blood loss, adaptation by peripheral vasoconstriction
HR X SV = CO
Inhalation of toxic substances (CO): also called functional anemia

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27
Q

Oxygenation safety guidlines

A

Patients with sudden changes in their vital signs, level of consciousness, or behavior are possibly experiencing profound hypoxia.
Perform tracheal suctioning before pharyngeal suctioning whenever possible.
Use caution when suctioning patients with a head injury.
The routine use of normal saline instillation into the airway before ET and tracheostomy suctioning is not recommended.
The most serious tracheostomy complication is airway obstruction, which can result in cardiac arrest.
Patients with COPD who are breathing spontaneously should never receive high levels of oxygen therapy.

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28
Q

Focus on evaluating how the disease is affecting _____ activities and how the patient believes he or she is responding to treatment.

A

day-to-day

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29
Q

Compare the patient’s actual progress to the goals and expected outcomes of the nursing care plan to determine his or her _______

A

health status

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30
Q

Evaluation

A

Ask about
Degree of breathlessness
If distance ambulated without fatigue has increased
Rating the breathlessness from 0 to 10
Which interventions reduce dyspnea
Frequency of cough and sputum production
Perform
Observe respiratory rate before, during, and after any activity.
Assess any sputum produced.
Auscultate lung sounds for improvement in adventitious sounds.

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31
Q

Aerosol Mask or Face Tent

A

24-100% FiO2
Flow Rate at least 10L/min
Requires Humidification
Drain Condensation from tubing often

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32
Q

Venturi Mask

A

24-50% FiO2
Flow rate 4-10 L/min using adapters
Deliver most precise oxygen

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33
Q

Nonrebreather Mask

A

Nonrebreather Mask
80-100% FiO2
Flow rate 10-15 L/min
Keep reservoir bag 2/3 full on inspriation and expiration
Delivers highest O2 concentration except intubation

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34
Q

Partial Rebreather Mask

A

Partial Rebreather Mask
40-70% FiO2
Flow rate 6-10 L/min
Keep reservoir 1/3 to ½ full on inspiration

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35
Q

Oxygen Delivery

A

40-60% FiO2
Flow rate 5-8L/min
Minimum flow rate 5L/min

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36
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

24-44% FiO2
Flow rate 1-6 L/min
Humidification > 4L/min

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37
Q

Oxygen therapy is used to prevent or relieve _____.

A

hypoxia

38
Q

Supply of oxygen is located in tanks or ______.

A

in wall piped system

39
Q

Methods of oxygen delivery

A

Nasal cannula

Oxygen mask

40
Q

Factors that affect Oxygenation includes Hypovolemia which can result in _____ and dehydration which leads to ECF loss & circulating blood volume

A

shock

41
Q

Factors that affect Oxygenation

Decreased inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2) which leads to ….

A

Decreased inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2)
Decreased oxygen carrying opportunity
Upper & Lower Airway Obstruction
Decreased environmental oxygen such as in High altitudes
Hypoventilation such as in drug overdoses

42
Q

Factors affecting oxygenation include ____ metabolic rate that increases the demand for oxygen.

A

increased

43
Q

Increased oxygen demand from increased metabolic rate can result from pregnancy, wound healing, exercise, and _____.

A

fever

44
Q

Fever increases the need of tissues for ______.

A

oxygen

45
Q

With increased oxygen demand carbon dioxide production ___________. The body attempts to adapt to increased carbon dioxide levels by increasing the rate and depth of respiration.

A

increases

46
Q

Increased metabolic demand increases ________ and decreases muscle mass.

A

muscle wasting

47
Q

Increased metabolic demand causes a decrease of _______: diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

A

respiratory muscles

48
Q

Conditions Affecting Chest Wall Movement

A

Pregnancy
Obesity
Neurotransmitter disease
musculoskeletal abnormalities

49
Q

Pregnancy - condition affecting the chest wall movement

A

Inspiratory capacity decreases especially late in pregnancy

Fetus pushes abdominal contents against diaphragm

50
Q

Obesity - conditions affecting chest wall movement

A

Reduced lung volumes from heavy lower thorax and abdomen

51
Q

Neuromuscular disease - conditions affecting chest wall movement

A

Decreased ability to expand and contract chest wall.

Myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome causes hypoventialtion

52
Q

Musculoskeletal abnormalities - conditions affecting chest wall movement

A

Muscular Diseases
Abnormal structural configurations of rib cage such as kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis.
Trauma
Flail chest or multiple rib fractures: Contract on inspiration and bulge on expiration, resulting in hypoxia

53
Q

Factor affecting oxygenation include _____ or thoracic surgery.

A

abdominal
* Be careful of shallow respirations to avoid pain**
Decreases chest wall movement

54
Q

_________ to treat pain
Depresses respiratory center
Decreases respiratory rate
Decreased chest wall expansion

A

OPIOIDS

55
Q

CNS alterations affect oxygenation such as trauma of the _________ and/or spinal cord. Damages phrenic nerve, diaphragm does not descend, decreased chest wall expansion

A

medulla oblongata

56
Q

Factors that affect oxygenation include influences of chronic diseases such as _____ which can result in barrel chest.

A

COPD

57
Q

Respiratory Wellness - Age Related Changes

A
  • Increased stiffness of chest wall
  • Increased anteroposterior diameter
  • Enlarged aveoli
  • Weaker respiratory muscles
  • Decreased response to hypercapnia or hypoxia
58
Q

Respiratory Wellness - negative function

A

Increased use of accessory muscles

  • Decreased cough and gag reflexes
  • Increased energy expenditure for breathing
  • Decreased efficiency of gas exchange
  • Increased susceptibility to respiratory infections
59
Q

Cardiovascular Wellness in Older adults - Age related Changes

A

Myocardial degenerative changes
Arterial stiffening
Increased peripheral resistance
Altered baroreflex mechanisms

60
Q

Cardiovascular Wellness in Older adults - Negative Functional Consequences

A
  • Decreased adaptive response to exercise
  • Increase susceptibility to hypertension, hypotension
  • Increased susceptibility to arrhythmias
  • Decreased cerebral blood flow
61
Q

_________ is ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism

A

Hyperventilation

62
Q

_____ is Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level.

A

hypoxia

63
Q

Blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes. Late sign of hypoxia known as _____.

A

cyanosis

64
Q

______ is when alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

A

hypoventilation

65
Q

The goal of ventilation is to produce a normal arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) between ____ and _____ mm HG

A

35-45 mm Hg

66
Q

The goal of ventilation prodcue a normal arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) between ______ and ______.

A

80and 100 mmHg

67
Q

Hypoventilation and hyperventilation are determined by ________.

A

arterial blood gas analysis

68
Q

Hypoxemia refers to a decrease in the amount of arterial oxygen. Monitored with pulse oximeter to obtain arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), which is normally greater than __.

A

95%

69
Q

Diets rich in fiber; whole grains; fresh fruits and vegetables; nuts; antioxidants; lean meats; and omega-3 fatty acids.

A

Cardioprotective nutrition

70
Q

People who exercise for 30 to 60 minutes daily have a lower pulse rate and blood pressure, decreased cholesterol level, increased blood flow, and greater oxygen extraction by working muscles.

A

Exercise

71
Q

Lifestyle Risk Factors for oxygenation

A

smoking
substance abuse
stress

72
Q

Smoking is associated with heart disease, ____, and lung cancer.

A

COPD

73
Q

The risk of lung cancer is ____ times greater for a person who smokes for a nonsmoker.

A

10 times

74
Q

Excessive use of alcohol and other drugs impairs tissue _____.

A

oxygenation.

75
Q

A continuous state of stress or severe anxiety increases the metabolic rate and oxygen demand of the body.

A

stress

76
Q

A continuous state of stress or severe anxiety increases the metabolic rate and oxygen demand of the body.

A

stress

77
Q

The incidence of _____ disease is higher in smoggy, urban areas than in rural areas.

A

pulmonary

78
Q

A patient’s ________ sometimes increases the risk for pulmonary disease.

A

workplace
i.e. Coccidioidomycosis
Asbestosis

79
Q

_______ lose the elastic recoil of the lungs and thorax. this increases the work of breathing.

A

COPD

80
Q

________ in COPD patients results in hyperventilation

A

Excessive Oxygen Therapy

81
Q

______ is adapted to increased carbon dioxide levels because the CO2 sensitive

A

COPD

82
Q

COPD is sensitive to ______ oxygen, which increases ventilation, so stimulus to breathe is decreased oxygen level.

A

decreased

83
Q

Oxygen administration greater than 24% to 28% FIO2 (1 to 3L/min), prevents oxygen level from falling, (to a level of 60 mm Hg), thus destroying stimulus or drive to breathe in ______ patients

A

COPD

84
Q

Emphysema is the destruction and enlargement of ______ in the lungs.

A

air spaces

85
Q

Emphysema is the destruction and enlargement of ______ in the lungs.

A

air spaces

86
Q

An assessment is a in-depth history of a patient’s normal and present cardiopulmonary function and includes.

A

past impairments in circulatory or respiratory functioning
methods that a patient uses to optimize oxygenation
Review of drug, food, and other allergies
Physical examination
Laboratory diagnostic tests

87
Q

During an oxygenation assessment

A 
find out about the follwoing
chest pain
dyspnea
wheezing
respiratory infection
health risks
fatigue
cough
smoking
allergies
medications
environmental/geographical exposures
88
Q

During the physical examination your perform _____ where you observe the Skin and mucous membranes, level of consciousness (LOC), breathing patterns, chest wall movement

A

inspection

89
Q

During the physical examination your perform ____ on the chest, feet, legs, pulses.

A

palpation

90
Q

During the physical examination your perform _____ which senses for the presence of abnormal fluid or air; diaphragmatic excursion

A

percussion

461-Foundations (45 decks)

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