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S2 Respiratory System > Embryology 3 > Flashcards

Embryology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what does splanchnic mean?

A

surrounds organs

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2
Q

development of airways: where does the tubular outgrowth come from?

A

from the foregut (oesophagus)

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3
Q

what will the tubular outgrowth develop into?

A

trachea and lung buds

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4
Q

what happens before the lung buds start proliferating?

A

trachea separates from oesophagus

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5
Q

what do the lung buds do when they start proliferating? what do they form?

A

invaginate the pleural cavities laterally, forming visceral and parietal pleural and pleural cavity

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6
Q

what structure begins to develop between thorax and abdomen?

A

transverse septal “shelf”

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7
Q

how many components make up the transverse septal “shelf”?

A

4

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8
Q

what happens if problems occur in development?

A

congenital abnormalities

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9
Q

on which week does the tubular outgrowth come out of the foregut?

A

4th week

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10
Q

which of the 3 layers makes up the visceral and parietal pleura?

A

mesoderm

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11
Q

which part of the mesoderm gives the visceral and parietal pleura

A

visceral: mesoderm which covers the outside of the lung
parietal: mesoderm which covers the body wall from the inside

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12
Q

when does the lung bud begin pseudo glandular?

A

7th week

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13
Q

when do canals develop on the distal end of the buds? (canalicular development)

A

17th week

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14
Q

when does saccular development take place? (primitive alveoli)

A

27th week

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15
Q

when do the alveolar start developing?

A

40th week

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16
Q

which component of the transverse septal “shelf” forms the tendinous part of the diaphragm?

A

septum transversum

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17
Q

which components of the transverse septal “shelf” forms the muscular part of the diaphragm?

A

2 pleuroperitoneal membranes (form primitive diaphragm), peripheral body of wall muscle (form peripheral parts of diaphragm)

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18
Q

which component of the transverse septal “shelf” forms crura of diaphragm? (and median portion of diaphragm)

A

mesentery of oesophagus

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19
Q

at what point is the primitive gut tube formed?

A

folding of embryo, week 3

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20
Q

what are the two extremities of the gut called at week 3?

A

hindgut and foregut

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21
Q

which sac forms the inside of the gut?

A

yolk sac

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22
Q

where do the trachea and lungs develop?

A

from ventral wall and foregut

23
Q

where does the respiratory primordium (tissue at its earliest stage) come from?

A

median outgrowth called the laryngotracheal groove (diverticulum) from ventral part of the foregut

24
Q

which of the 3 layers gives the diverticulum?

A

endoderm

25
Q

what is the diverticulum surrounded by on its outside?

A

mesoderm, then enlarges to form trachea + lung buds

26
Q

how does the forgut and the respiratory diverticulum get separated?

A

oesophagotracheal septum develops between oesophagus and trachea, completely separating them

27
Q

what is a fistula?

A

an abnormal or surgically made passage between a hollow or tubular organ and the body surface, or between two hollow or tubular organs, i.e.: between 2 epithelialized surfaces

28
Q

how common is tracheoesophageal fistula (TOF)? what type of abnormality is it?

A

TOF is a common congenital abnormality

29
Q

what is atresia?

A

a condition in which an orifice or passage in the body is (usually abnormally) closed or absent

30
Q

does the visceral pleural come from the splanchnic or the somatic mesoderm?

A

splanchnic

31
Q

does the parietal pleural come from the splanchnic or the somatic mesoderm?

A

somatic

32
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD what day does the lung appear? under which form?

A

26th day, in the form of a respiratory diverticulum in the ventral part of the digestive tract

33
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD what does the respiratory diverticulum create?

A

a median trachea and two lateral pockets

34
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD what other component develops at the same time?

A

vascular connections

35
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD at which aortic arch do the pulmonary arteries individuate?

A

6th aortic arch

36
Q

FOETAL PERIOD what happens during the pseudoglandular stage?

A

setup of all pulmonary structures except elements needed for gas exchange

37
Q

FOETAL PERIOD what happens during the canalicular stage?

A
  • terminal bronchioles give rise to tubes that make up the respiratory part of the lung
  • differentiation of epithelium into cuboidal secretory cells (type 2 pneumocytes) which will synthesise the surfactant, and flat cells (type 1 pneumocytes)
38
Q

FOETAL PERIOD what happens during the saccular stage?

A
  • formation of alveolar sacs separated by primary septa
  • alveolar sacs will be progressively divided into smaller subunits by secondary septa, leading to the formation of alveoli
39
Q

POSTNATAL PERIOD what happens during the alveolar stage?

A
  • formation of alveoli from terminal sacs
  • about 95% adult-like alveoli formed postnatally
  • alveoli enlarge
  • number of respiratory bronchioles (and alveolar ducts and alveoli) increase as lungs enlarge
  • by 8y of age number of alveoli reaches adult number
40
Q

how many alveoli does an adult have?

A

about 300m

41
Q

what does RDS/HMD stand for?

A

surfactant + respiratory distress syndrome (= hyaline membrane disease)

42
Q

what percentage of neonates are affected by RDS?

A

2%

43
Q

what percentage of neonatal disease is RDS?

A

30%

44
Q

what is the major cause of RDS?

A

surfactant deficiency

45
Q

what other congenital conditions can come from the respiratory system development?

A
  • accessory lobes
  • lobe of azygos vein (vein ends up surrounded by lung)
  • agenesis of lung
46
Q

where is the septum transversum located in week 3? (before formation of diaphragm)

A

opposite C3-C5

47
Q

which way does it migrate during development of diaphragm?

A

caudally (getting closer to thoracic region)

48
Q

which spinal nerves does it bring with it? how does this compare with the root of the phrenic nerves?

A

C3-C5, coincidence? i think not

49
Q

what 3 types of congenital abnormalities can affect the diaphragm?

A
  • failure of the diaphragm to completely close during development
  • herniation of the abdominal contents into the chest
  • pulmonary hypoplasia
50
Q

what is a hernia?

A

general term to describe a bulge or protrusion of an organ through the structure or muscle that usually contains it

51
Q

what two types of hernia can you get with the diaphragm?

A

diaphragmatic hernia, opposed to hiatal hernia

52
Q

what is a diaphragmatic hernia?

A

tendinous part of diaphragm moves anteriorly, posteriorly or centrally

53
Q

what is a hiatal hernia? what are the 2 types of hiatal hernia?

A

protrusion of the stomach across the diaphragm because the diaphragm is too weak:

  • sliding hiatus hernia (stomach goes up oesophagus a wee bit)
  • paraesophageal hiatus hernia (stomach protrudes NOT in the oesophagus)

S2 Respiratory System (43 decks)

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