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Botanical Materia Medica I > Week 2 - Plant Morphology > Flashcards

Week 2 - Plant Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology

A
  • The physical form or gross external structure of plants
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2
Q

Taproot

A
  • Large primary root that extends straight down and tapers gradually
  • Example: carrot, Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), Arctium lappa (burdock)
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3
Q

Fibrous Root

A
  • Many roots extending down from the stem

- Example: Allium sativa (garlic), Epilobum sp. (willow herb plant)

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4
Q

Adventitious Root

A
  • Arises from non-root tissue (usually from a stem)

- Example: blackberry

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5
Q

Stems

A
  • Framework of a plant that supports leaves, flowers, and other structures
  • A conduit for exchange of water, nutrients, and sap
  • Can act as a place for storage of fuel
  • Can be an area of photosynthesis in green stems
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6
Q

Internal Stem Feature - Epidermis

A
  • Outer layer of wax-coated cells
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7
Q

Internal Stem Feature - Cortex

A
  • Tissue between the epidermis and the phloem
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8
Q

Internal Stem Feature - Vascular Tissues

A
  • Carry water, nutrients, and photosynthates through the plant
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9
Q

Internal Stem Feature - Vascular Tissue - Xylem

A
  • Carries water and minerals from the roots upward through the plant
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10
Q

Internal Stem Feature - Vascular Tissue - Cambium

A
  • Single-celled layer of diving tissue that creates the xylem on one side and the phloem on the other
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11
Q

Internal Stem Feature - Vascular Tissue - Phloem

A
  • Carries sugars down through the plant
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12
Q

Internal Stem Feature - Pith

A
  • The center of the stem that can be woody and dense, chambered, or hollow
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13
Q

Dicotyledon Stem

A
  • Has two leaves when it sprouts

- Can be herbaceous or woody

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14
Q

Monocotyledon Stem

A
  • Has one leaf when it sprouts

- Example: grass

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15
Q

External Stem Feature - Terminal Bud

A
  • The bud at the tip of the stem
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16
Q

External Stem Feature - Lateral Bud

A
  • Bud that grows from leaf axils on the side of a stem
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17
Q

External Stem Feature - Bud Scale

A
  • Modified leaves that protect the bud
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18
Q

External Stem Feature - Naked Bud

A
  • A bud without scales
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19
Q

External Stem Feature - Leaf Scar

A
  • The mark left where a leaf was attached
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20
Q

External Stem Feature - Bundle Scar

A
  • The marks within the leaf scar where the vascular bundles passed through
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21
Q

External Stem Feature - Terminal Bud Scale Scar

A
  • The area where the previous year’s terminal bud scales were attached
  • Shows the growth pattern from year to year
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22
Q

Modified Stem - Bulb

A
  • Underground storage leaves attached at a base

- Example: tulips, daffodils

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23
Q

Modified Stem - Corm

A
  • Short, thickened underground stem with scales that form a tunic
  • Solid rather than having rings (like an onion) or cloves (like garlic)
  • Example: crocus
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24
Q

Modified Stem - Crown

A
  • A compressed stem with leaves above and roots below

- Example: Taraxacum officinale (dandelion)

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25
Q

Modified Stem - Stolon

A
  • Horizontal, above-ground runner that sets down roots or generates a plantlet at its nodes
  • Example: strawberries, Potentilla anserina (silverweed)
26
Q

Modified Stem - Rhizome

A
  • Horizontally growing underground stems

- Example: Mahonia spp. (Oregon grape), zingiber, Curcuma longa (turmeric), Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal)

27
Q

Modified Stem - Twining Stems

A
  • Used for climbing
  • Some twist clockwise, some counter-clockwise
  • Example: Lonicera sempervirens (honeysuckle)
28
Q

Modified Stem - Tuber

A
  • An enlarged rhizome containing stored food
  • These structures have “eyes,” or modified buds dotted around them
  • Example: potato
29
Q

Modified Stem - Tuberous Stem

A
  • A storage stem with buds only on the “up” side
30
Q

External Leaf Feature - Blade

A
  • The flattened part of the leaf
31
Q

External Leaf Feature - Petiole

A
  • Stalk of the leaf
32
Q

External Leaf Feature - Margin

A
  • Leaf edge

- May be lobed, toothed, smooth, etc.

33
Q

External Leaf Feature - Stipule

A
  • Leaf-like appendages at the base of the leaf
34
Q

Arrangement of Leaves on the Stem - Opposite

A
  • On opposite sides of the stem at the same level

- Example: Mentha spicata (spearmint)

35
Q

Arrangement of Leaves on the Stem - Alternate

A
  • Leaves at alternating levels on the stem (staggered)

- Example: Trifolium pratense (red clover)

36
Q

Arrangement of Leaves on the Stem - Whorl

A
  • Three or more leaves at the same level of the stem

- Example: Gallium aparine (cleavers)

37
Q

Arrangement of Leaves on the Stem - Rosette

A
  • A spiral pattern of attachments around the stem
38
Q

Arrangement of Leaves on the Petiole - Simple

A
  • Blade is one continuous unit

- Example: Acer sp. (maple)

39
Q

Arrangement of Leaves on the Petiole - Palmately Compound

A
  • Multiple leaflets radiating from a central point

- Example: Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut)

40
Q

Arrangement of Leaves on the Petioloe - Pinnately Compound

A
  • Leaflets arranged on both sides of a common rachis (stalk)

- Example: Fraxinus angustifolia (narrow-leafed ash)

41
Q

Arrangement of Leaves on the Petiole - Double Pinnately Compound

A
  • Common sub stalks and stalks

- Example: Acacia sp.

42
Q

Flowers - Pistil

A
  • Female organ

- Made up of stigma, style, and ovary

43
Q

Flowers - Pistil - Stigma

A
  • Often sticky projection that receives pollen
44
Q

Flowers - Pistil - Style

A
  • Tissue between the stigma and the ovary
45
Q

Flowers - Pistil - Ovary

A
  • Contains ovules (unfertilized immature seeds) and embryo sacs
46
Q

Flowers - Stamen

A
  • Male organ

- Made up of anther and filament

47
Q

Flowers - Stamen - Anther

A
  • Pollen-producing organs
48
Q

Flowers - Stamen - Filament

A
  • Stalk supporting the anthers
49
Q

Flowers - Petals

A
  • Collectively form the corolla
50
Q

Flowers - Corolla

A
  • Made up of a collection of petals
51
Q

Flowers - Sepals

A
  • Protective, leaf-like coverings for the flower bud

- Collectively form the calyx

52
Q

Flowers - Calyx

A
  • Made up of a collection of sepals
53
Q

Flowers - Receptacle

A
  • Base of the flower
54
Q

Flowers - Pedicel

A
  • The stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence
55
Q

Inflorescence

A
  • Arrangement of flowers on a stem
56
Q

Inflorescence - Single

A
  • Solitary

- Example: Crocus vernus (crocus)

57
Q

*Inflorescence - Spike

A
  • Type of raceme with flowers that do not have a pedicel

- Example: lavender

58
Q

*Inflorescence - Raceme

A
  • Unbranched, indeterminate with pedicellate flowers along the stalk
  • Example: Actaea racemosa (black cohosh)
59
Q

*Inflorescence - Corymb

A
  • Unbranched, indeterminate
  • Flat-topped or convex
  • Outer pedicels are progressively longer than inner ones
  • Example: Achillea millefolium (yarrow)
60
Q

*Inflorescence - Umbel

A
  • Raceme with short axis and multiple floral pedicels of equal length that appear to rise from a common point
  • Example: dill
61
Q

*Inflorescence - Cyme

A
  • A determinate inflorescence
  • Inner flowers opening first
  • Example: Symphytum officinale (comfrey)
62
Q

*Inflorescence - Composite

A
  • Made up of bunches…

- Example: Echinacea purpurea

Botanical Materia Medica I (17 decks)

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