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Systems 2: Cardiovascular > Exchange and the Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Exchange and the Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

How are capillaries suited to diffusion?

A
  • Lots of them so a lot of exchange can go on

- Very small and a large surface area to volume ratio so diffusion increases

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2
Q

What are the two bypass structures in a cap bed?

A
  • Arteriovenous bypass

- Metarterioles

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3
Q

What is the distance between two epithelial cells known as?

A

Cleft

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4
Q

Which capillaries have large pores?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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5
Q

Describe continous capillaries

A
  • Leaky celfts between cells

- No channels

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6
Q

Where would you find specialised continuous capillaries that have no clefts of channels?

A
  • Blood brain barrier

- Blood testes/ovary barrier

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7
Q

Where would you find specialised continuous capillaries that have larger clefts?

A

Muscle

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8
Q

Where would you find fenestrated capillaries?

A

Intestine

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9
Q

What are discontinuous capillaries?

A

Have massive channels and clefts

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10
Q

Where would you find discontinuous capillaries?

A

Liver

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11
Q

Why are the capillaries in the liver discontinuous?

A

To allow lots of proteins to enter the bloodstream

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12
Q

What two aspects does clotting involve?

A
  • Formation of a platelet plug

- Formation of a fibrin clot

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13
Q

What is the basement membrane that the capillary sits on made of?

A
  • Collagen
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14
Q

What happens for a clot to begin to form?

A

Endothelium ruptures

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15
Q

What is the process of a blood clot forming after the endothelium ruptures?

A
  • Collagen that is revealed attracts platelets
  • This forms a platelet plug
  • Fibrinogen floating in the blood is converted to fibrin by thrombin
  • Fibrin plug created
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16
Q

When is the clotting mechanism dangerous?

A

If it occurs in capillaries where the blood flow is slow and has a higher chance of clotting

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17
Q

What 6 methods does the epithelium use to stop blood clotting from happening?

A
  • Stops blood contacting collagen
  • Produces prostacyclin and nitric oxide
  • Produces tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
  • Expresses thrombomodulin
  • Expresses heparin
  • Secretes tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
18
Q

How does stopping the blood contacting the collagen stop clotting?

A

No platelet aggregation

19
Q

How does prostacyclin and NO stop clotting?

A

Both inhibit platelet aggregation

20
Q

What does tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) stop the production of?

A

Thrombin

21
Q

What does thrombomodulin do to stop clotting?

A

Binds to thrombin deactivating it

22
Q

What does heparin act on to stop clotting?

A

Also inactivates thrombin in the same way as thrombomodulin

23
Q

What does tissue plasminogen factor do?

A
  • Converts plasminogen to plasmin

- Plasmin digests clot

24
Q

What is self regulation in reference to diffusion?

A
  • If cells use more oxygen the conc. gradient increases so more of it diffuses into the cell
25
Q

What is non saturable in reference to diffusion?

A
  • If oxygen required channel they’d have a maximum rate where they all become saturated
  • Diffusion stops this
26
Q

How do polar substances get through the capillary?

A

Through clefts/channels

27
Q

What channels exist in the brain capillaries to allow glucose to cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

Glucose transporters

28
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A
  • Think of a hose with holes in it
  • As water moves through it some of it moves out
  • The higher the pressure in the hose the more that will move out
29
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A
  • Created by plasma proteins unable to leave capillaries

- Osmotic pressure draws water into the capillary

30
Q

What is the osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins called?

A

Oncotic pressure

31
Q

On average how much water is lost through hydrostatic pressure each day?

A

20L

32
Q

On average how much water is regained through oncotic pressure each day?

A

17L

33
Q

What happens to the remaining 3L that is lost?

A

Taken up by the lymphatic system

34
Q

How does the fluid that enters the lymph vessels stay there?

A

Enters through 1 way valves

35
Q

How is lymph able to move through the system back to the blood?

A
  • Squeezed by smooth muscles contracting
  • Eventually enters thoracic duct/right lymphatic duct
  • Passes through lymph nodes on the way
36
Q

In what ways can oedema come about?

A
  • Lymph obstruction
  • Raised central venous pressure
  • Hypoproteinemia
  • Increased capillary permeability
37
Q

What can lymphatic obstruction be a result from?

A
  • Filariasis (similar to elephantisis)
  • Surgery
  • Elephantisis (parasitic worms grow and multiply in lymph)
38
Q

What can result in a raised central venous pressure?

A

Ventricular failure

39
Q

How can a raised central venous pressure result in oedema?

A

Increases hydrostatic pressure

40
Q

What can hypoproteinamia be due to?

A
  • Nephrosis
  • Liver failure
  • Nutrition
41
Q

Name a condition caused by hypoproteinemia

A
  • Kwashiorkor

- Reduces oncotic gradient

Systems 2: Cardiovascular (19 decks)

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