Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems 2: Cardiovascular > Valvular Heart Disease - INCOMPLETE > Flashcards

Valvular Heart Disease - INCOMPLETE Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the mitral valve cusps is the biggest?

A
  • Anterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are the cusps anchored to the papillary muscles?

A
  • By the chordae tendinae - Both cusps are anchored to both papillary muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What conditions can lead to mitral stenosis?

A
  • Rheumatic heart disease - Congenital mitral stenosis (rare) - SLE - Rheumatoid arthritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What size is diagnosed as mitral stenosis?

A
  • An MV orifice of <2cm^2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to the AV pressure gradient during MS?

A
  • Increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to the pulmonary venous and capillary pressures during MS?

A
  • Increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to PVR and PaP in MS?

A
  • Increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What develops in response to MS?

A
  • PHT - RH dilatation with TR and PReg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two things do you use to asses M stenosis severity?

A
  • Effect on trans valvular pressure gradient - Effect on trans valvular flow rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the clinical presentations of M stenosis?

A
  • Dyspnoea (mild exertional all the way to pulmonary oedema) - Haemoptysis - Systemic embolisation - Infective endocarditis - Chest pain - Hoarseness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes haemoptysis in MS?

A
  • Rupture to thin walled veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes systemic embolisation in MS?

A
  • LA enlargement - LAA enlargement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes hoarseness in MS?

A
  • Compression of the L recurrent laryngeal nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What signs are apparent on examination?

A
  • Mitral facies - Normal pulses - Prominent a wave of JVP - Tapping apex beat - Diastolic thrill - RV heave - Diastolic murmur on auscultation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the ECG of someone with M stenosis

A
  • Atrial fibrillation - No visible P wave (irregularly irregular)
  • Suggestion of LVH from right axis deviation and deep S waves in lateral leads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What will the blue area here show?

A

The bigger the blue area the more severe the M sten

17
Q

What will be seen on the CXR of a Msten patient?

A

LA enlargement

18
Q

What will be the only real evident feature of a CXR pointing towards Msten?

A

Pulmonary oedema from PHT

19
Q

What echocardiogram investigations can be done with Msten?

A
  • Imaging and ventricular velocity
20
Q

What will show severity of Msten on a ventricular velocity map?

A
  • Higher areas will show higher severity
21
Q

What can a CT thorax be used for in Msten?

A

Can be used to directly look at mitral valve and see it’s maximum opening

22
Q

What other imaging techniques can be used to look at the heart chambers and valves?

A

MRI

23
Q

What non invasive treatment is available for Msten?

A
  • Diuretics and restriction of Na intake
  • Sinus Rhythm (SR) restoration and ventricular rate control in those with AF
  • Anticoagulation in those with AF
24
Q

What invasive treatment is available for Msten?

A
  • Valvotomy (balloon or surgical)
  • Mitral valve replacement (MVR)
25
Q

What are the aetiologies and pathologies of mitral regurgitation (M Reg)

A
  • Rhuematic Heart Disease
  • Mitral valve prolapse
  • IE
  • Degeneration (tissue becomes thicker/calcifies/fibrosis)
  • LV and annular dilatation resulting in anterior and posterior cusps being far apart
26
Q

How can mitral regurgitation occur from mitral valve prolapse?

A
  • Chordae tendinae snap
  • Blood can flow back through the mitral valve
27
Q

What happens to the ventricle during acute mitral regurgitation?

A
  • Ventricle can’t adapt as it doesn’t have enough time
  • ESP (end systolic pressure) and ESV (end systolic volume) reduced as is wall tension
28
Q

How is chronic mitral regurgitation different to acute?

A
  • EDV increases as the ventricle can hypertrophy to compensate
  • ESV returns to normal
29
Q

What happens to LA compliance in mitral regurgitation?

A

Can be reduced if

  • Pressure rises,
  • Thickening of atrial myocardium
  • Increase in PVR
  • Changes in pulmonary vasculature

Can be increased if

  • Marked volume enlargement
  • Lesser changes in pulmonary vasculature
30
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute Mreg?

A
  • Breathlesness
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Cardiogenic shock

Systems 2: Cardiovascular (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions