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Clinical Medicine > Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations > Flashcards

Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

the study of suffering, what happens to tissue/organs of the body in the presence of disease

A

pathology

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2
Q

pathological process of the body organ(s) with its own signs and symptoms

A

disease

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3
Q

dysfunction of significant number of cells in the organ must occur before it is called a

A

disease

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4
Q

when organ is normal but malfunction of the organ exists

A

disorder

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5
Q

disease may or may not be present in a

A

disorder

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6
Q

the physical and/or mental state of being unwell is called

A

sickness

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7
Q

well being state indicating normality of body, mind, and spirit

A

health

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8
Q

a sign is:

A

observable “objective” or measurable physical manifestations of disease(s) or disorder(s)

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9
Q

a symptom is:

A

“subjective” evidence of a disease or disorder

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10
Q

attachment of a specific name to a specific disease or disorder is called a

A

diagnosis

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11
Q

making a prediction of the outcome of a disease or disorder is called

A

prognosis

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12
Q

treatment of a disease or disorder is called

A

therapy

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13
Q

the “cause of” a disease or disorder is called

A

etiology

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14
Q

the underlying mechanisms resulting in the signs and symptoms of the patient are the

A

pathogenesis

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15
Q

the gross or microscopic appearance of cells and tissues are

A

morphology

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16
Q

for a disease or disorder to become manifested clinically, there first must be a:

A

dysfunction of a significant number of cells in an organ or tissue

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17
Q

an equilibrium of the microenvironment of the cell is called

A

homeostasis

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18
Q

adjusting to a new situation to preserve viability and function is

A

adaptation

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19
Q

what is the pathological definition of stress

A

any demand on the cell requiring it to adapt

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20
Q

list the principle adaptive responses

A
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • atrophy
  • metaplasia
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21
Q

what are the types of cell death

A

necrosis and apoptosis

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22
Q

factors that affect stress on the cell

A
  • vulnerability
  • differentiation
  • blood supply
  • state of nutrition
  • state of cellular health
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23
Q

molecular and biochemical levels that stress may affect

A
  • maintenance of cellular membrane
  • maintenance of ionic/osmotic balance
  • energy production by the cell
  • protein synthesis
  • genetic apparatus
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24
Q

what are adaptations?

A

reversible changes in the number, size, metabolic activity and functions of cells

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25
Q

physiologic adaptation is

A

cellular response to normal stimulation

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26
Q

pathologic adaptation is

A

modified cellular response to avoid injury

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27
Q

increase in the size of cells resulting in increase in the size of the organ is called

A

hypertrophy

28
Q

adaptation where there is no new cells, just bigger cells

A

hypertrophy

29
Q

example of physiologic hypertrophy

A

weightlifter

30
Q

example of pathologic hypertropy

A

cardiac enlargement- hypertension, or aortic valve stenosis

31
Q

adaptation where there is an increase in cell number is

A

hyperplasia

32
Q

______ occurs in cells capable of replication

A

hyperplasia

33
Q

can hyperplasia occur with hypertrophy?

A

yes

34
Q

examples of physiologic hyperplasia

A
  • hormonal (breast changes in puberty and pregnancy)

- compensatory (part of tissue is removed in kidney, liver)

35
Q

examples of pathologic hyperplasia

A

-excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation

abnormal menstrual bleeding, viral infection causing warts

36
Q

shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance is called

A

atrophy

37
Q

in atrophy, what occurs?

A

tissue or organ size diminishes, function diminishes but not death

38
Q

causes of atrophy include

A
  • immobilization
  • loss of innervation
  • diminished blood supply
  • inadequate nutrition
  • loss of endocrine stimulation
  • aging
39
Q

what occurs with autophagy in atrophy?

A

cell in nutritionally depleted state and makes lysozyme vacuoles to dissolve its own components like “eating itself”

40
Q

reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type is called

A

metaplasia

41
Q

why is metaplasia a useful adaptation

A

cells sensitive to a certain stress are replaced by another cell type capable of better withstanding that stress

42
Q

what types of cells are involved in metaplasia

A

it is a genetic “reprogramming” of stem cells and NOT changing of already differentiated cells

43
Q

examples of metaplasia

A
  • cigarette smoking

- gastric reflux

44
Q

necrosis

A
  • enzymes leak out of lysosomes and cell is digested
  • leakage through cell membrane elicits inflammation
  • due to ischemia (lack of blood supply), toxins, infections, trauma
45
Q

apoptosis

A

cell kills itself, no membrane leakage

“cell suicide”, no inflammation

46
Q

causes of cell injury:

-iatrogenic

A

doctor caused disease or disorder

e.g. medication reaction

47
Q

causes of cell injury:

-fomite

A

object capable of transmitting a disease

e.g. improperly cleaned instruments

48
Q

causes of cell injury: stress factors

-hypoxia

A

oxygen deficiency caused by

  • ischemia- decreased blood supply
  • inadequate oxygenation of blood (pneumonia)
  • reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (anemia, CO poisoning)
49
Q

causes of cell injury: stress factors

-chemical agents

A

alter membrane permeability, osmotic homeostasis, enzyme damage
(e.g. glucose, salt, oxygen)

50
Q

causes of cell injury: stress factors

-infectious agents

A

-viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, etc.

51
Q

causes of cell injury: stress factors

-immunologic reactions

A
  • defend against pathologic organisms
  • autoimmune reactions against one’s own tissues
  • allergic reactions
52
Q

causes of cell injury: stress factors

-genetic defects

A

can cause cell injury by inborn errors of metabolism

-accumulation of damaged DNA

53
Q

causes of cell injury: stress factors

-nutritional imbalances

A
  • protein calorie insufficiency
  • vitamin deficiencies
  • excesses in nutrition (obesity)
54
Q

causes of cell injury: stress factors

-physical agents

A
  • trauma
  • extremes of temp
  • radiation
  • electrical energy
  • changes in atmospheric pressure (sudden)
55
Q

causes of cell injury: stress factors

-aging

A
  • alterations in replication and repair abilities

- long term accumulation of toxins, radiation, injuries, etc.

56
Q

necrosis is the

A

degradative action of enzymes on lethally injured cells

57
Q

what occurs in necrosis

A

membrane integrity is lost and contents leak out causing inflammation

58
Q

where do the enzymes come from in necrosis

A

from cellular lysosomes or from the lysosomes from recruited leukocytes

59
Q

in necrosis, enzymes given off from a particular organ can indicate damage to that organ. what are these for the heart and liver

A

heart- CPK, troponin

liver- alkaline phosphate, transaminases (AST, ALT)

60
Q

3 types of necrosis

A
  • coagulative
  • liquifactive
  • caseous
61
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

tissue necrosis in which components cells are dead but basic architecture is preserved for a short while

62
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

complete digestion of the cell

63
Q

caseous necrosis

A

friable yellow-white appearance (cheese-like) architecture competed obliterated
-has an inflammatory border giving the appearance of a granuloma

64
Q

what are lysosomes

A

cytoplasmic bodies that contain hydrolytic enzymes used to breakdown phagocytes material

65
Q

autophagy is

A

digestion of cell’s own components (a survival mechanism in times of nutrient deprivation)

66
Q

heterophagy is

A

ingestion of outside material for intracellular destruction (example: macrophage)

Clinical Medicine (10 decks)

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