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Clinical Medicine > Tissue Repair > Flashcards

Tissue Repair Flashcards

1
Q

the two types of reactions in repair are

A
  • regeneration

- scar formation

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2
Q

tissue replaces damaged components and returns to a normal state is called

A

regeneration

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3
Q

damaged tissues incapable of complete restitution and/or supporting structures of tissue are severely damaged is called

A

scar formation

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4
Q

what is fibrosis

A

the extensive deposition of collagen in lungs, liver, kidney, and other organs due to chronic inflammation

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5
Q

cell types that repair injured tissue

A
  • remnants of injured tissue
  • vascular endothelial cells
  • fibroblasts
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6
Q

function of remnants of injured tissues

A

attempt to restore normal structure

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7
Q

function of vascular endothelial cells

A

create new vessels that provide nutrients for the repair process

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8
Q

function of fibroblasts

A

source of fibrous tissue forming the scar to fill in defects that cannot be corrected by regeneration

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9
Q

key processes of cell proliferation

A

DNA replication and mitosis

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10
Q

G1 phase=

A

pre synthetic growth phase

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11
Q

S phase=

A

DNA synthesis phase

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12
Q

G2 phase=

A

premitotic growth phase 2

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13
Q

M phase=

A

mitotic phase

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14
Q

non dividing cells are either in:

A
  • cell cycle arrest (G1) or

- they exit the cycle to enter a phase (G0)

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15
Q

physiologic cell proliferation is caused by:

A

repair

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16
Q

pathologic proliferation is caused by:

A

cancer

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17
Q

ability of tissue to repair themselves is influenced by their:

A

intrinsic proliferative capacity

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18
Q

3 types of tissues involved in proliferation capacity

A
  1. labile (continuously dividing) tissues
  2. stable tissues
  3. permanent tissues
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19
Q

examples of labile (continuously diving) cells that have a short life span

A

-bone marrow, skin, oral mucosa, GI tract, ducts draining exocrine glands

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20
Q

stable tissue quiescent cells (in G0 stage) have what kind of proliferation capacity?

A

have minimal replicative activity (can proliferate in response to injury and loss of tissue mass)

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21
Q

stable cells constitute what aspect of most solid tissues?

A

the parenchyma of most solid tissues (kidney, liver, pancreas, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells)

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22
Q

what is unique about permanent tissues?

A

terminally differentiated and non proliferative in postnatal life

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23
Q

examples of permanent tissues with long life spans

A

neurons, cardiac, and skeletal muscle

24
Q

2 characteristic properties of stem cells

A
  1. self renewal capacity

2. asymmetric replication

25
Q

what is asymmetric replication of stem cells mean?

A
  • some differentiate to a specific cell type

- some remain undifferentiated (these maintain their self-renewal capacity

26
Q

embryonic stem cell characteristics

A

most undifferentiated stem cells

-capacity to generate multiple cell lineages (neurons, cardiac muscle, liver cells)

27
Q

adult stem cells (tissue stem cells) are:

A

less undifferentiated than embryonic stem cells and found among differentiated cells with an organ or tissue

28
Q

what are growth factors?

A

proteins that stimulate the survival and proliferation of particular cells that can promote migration, differentiation, and other cellular responses

29
Q

what are growth factors produced by?

A

by macrophages and lymphocytes, parenchymal cells or stream cells (connective tissue)

30
Q

growth factors can affect cell proliferation by promoting:

A
  • cell entry into cell cycle
  • replication (mitosis)
  • prevention of apoptotic death (survival)
  • function of growth control genes
31
Q

other things that growth factor can stimulate are:

A

angiogenesis, contractility, and fibrogenesis

32
Q

3 types of signaling mechanisms of growth factor

A
  • autocrine
  • paracrine
  • endocrine
33
Q

type of signaling mechanism where a substance acts on cell that secretes it (ex: lymphocyte proliferation, liver regeneration)

A

autocrine

34
Q

type of signaling mechanisms that affects cell in the vicinity and recruits inflammatory cells in wound healing

A

paracrine

35
Q

type of signaling mechanisms that acts on target cells at a distance (ex: hormones)

A

endocrine

36
Q

examples of lipid based signaling mechanisms that can affect receptors inside the cell

A

vitamin D, steroid, thyroid hormones

37
Q

how does tissue repair depend on interactions between cells and ECM

A

regulates proliferation, movement, and differentiation of cells within it

38
Q

what are the 2 forms of the ECM

A
  • interstitial matrix

- basement membrane

39
Q

part of ECM that is located in spaces between cells in connective tissue, and between epithelium and vascular/ smooth muscle structures

A

interstitial matrix

40
Q

part of ECM that is a matrix of connective tissues that is highly organized around epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells (found between epithelium and mesenchymal cells)

A

basement membrane

41
Q

components of ECM can include

A
  • collagens and elastin
  • proteoglycans and hyaluronan
  • adhesive glycoproteins
42
Q

collagens and elastin contribute to

A

tensile strength and recoil of ECM

43
Q

proteoglycans and hyaluronan contribute to

A

water-hydrated gels for resilience and lubrication of ECM

44
Q

how can ECM help control cell proliferation

A

signals through cellular receptors of the intern family

45
Q

what is needed for renewal of structure (stroma of the parenchymal cells)

A

basement membrane

46
Q

what cells depend on ECM to reestablish normal structure

A

labile and stable cells

47
Q

regeneration cannot be accomplished if there is severe or chronic damage to:

A

parenchymal cells, stroma, or non-dividing cells

48
Q

in scar formation, what begins within 24 hours of injury

A

fibroblasts and endothelial cells proliferate

49
Q

in scar formation, what occurs in 3-5 days

A

granulation tissue (seen beneath a scab) with delicate capillaries

50
Q

process of new blood vessel development from existing cells is called

A

angiogenesis

51
Q

angiogenesis is primarily in

A

venules

52
Q

3 main phases of wound healing

A
  • inflammation
  • formation of granulation tissue
  • ECM deposition and remodeling
53
Q

what can occur in wound healing for larger wounds

A

contraction (wound dimples in a little)

54
Q

primary example of healing by first intention

A

surgical scar

55
Q

in first intention healing, what regeneration predominates

A

epithelial regeneration predominates over fibrosis

56
Q

most important cause of delayed healing

A

infection

Clinical Medicine (10 decks)

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