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Patho > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of squamous cell carcinoma

A

Alcohol, tobacco, achalasia, hot tea

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2
Q

Causes of adenocarcinoma

A

Barrett esophagus

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3
Q

Most common hernia
Symptoms
Incidence increases with what

A

Sliding
Heart burn, regurg
Increasing age

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4
Q

Achalasia
What it is
What happens

A

Loss of intrinsic inhibitory innervation of lower esophageal sphincter.
Aperistalsis, incomplete relaxation or increased resting tone of LES

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5
Q

Problems from achalasia

A

Dysphagia
Mucosal inflammation and ulceration
Squamous cell carcinoma

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6
Q

Esophageal varices
Cause
Assoc w
Problem

A

Impaired hepatic portal blood flow
Alcoholism, 2/3 cirrhosis pts have it
Rupture

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7
Q

Gerd
Contributing causes 3
Problems 2

A

Obesity, hiatal hernia, vagal nerve abn

Heartburn, Barrett esophagus

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8
Q

Barrett esophagus
What it is
Cause
Problem

A

Replacement of stratified squamous mucosa w metaplastic columnar epithelium w goblet cells
GERD long term
Adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

Adenocarcinoma symptoms

A

Dysphagia and obstruction, occur late in cancer progression

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10
Q

Chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers

Causes
Problems

A

H pylori.
Usually asymptomatic
Upper abd discomfort, NV

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11
Q

Peptic ulcers
Most occur where
H pylori present in which

A

98% in proximal jejunum and stomach (4:1 ratio)

70-90% duodenal, 70% gastric

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12
Q

Peptic ulcers
How many w h pylori get ulcers
Aggravating causes

A

10-20%

NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, steroids, stress personality

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13
Q

Problems w peptic ulcers

Dont progress to what usually

A

Epigastric pain, NV, hemorrhage, perforation, generally dont progress to cancer

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14
Q

Acute gastritis

Causes

A

Heavy nsaid use, alc, smoking, chemo, uremia, systemic infections, severe stress to body, ischemia and shock, ingestion of acids or bases, mechanical trauma

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15
Q

Acute gastritis probelms

A

Epigastric pain w NV

Hematemesis and or Melena

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16
Q

Acute gastric (stress) ulcers
What it is
Treatment

A

Focal acute gastric mucosal defects from severe stress

Fix underlying problem

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17
Q

Acute stress ulcer causes

A

Severe trauma (surgery, sepsis), extensive burns, trauma to CNS/bleed, gastric irritants

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18
Q

Gastric carcinoma
What % stomach cancers
Causes of intestinal type adenocarcinoma

A

90% or greater
Nitrates in preservatives, smoked food, picked food, a lot of salt, decreased fruit/veg eating, chronic gastritis, h pylori

19
Q

Gastric carcinoma
Diffuse
About
Incidence of both cancers

A

RF poorly understood, h pylori often absent

Adenocarcinoma decreasing in freq, diffuse hasn’t decreased

Gastric carcinoma= 2nd leading cause of death worldwide

20
Q

Which part of LI most susceptible to hypotensive ischemia

A

Splenic flexure left colic

21
Q

Hirschprung disease

What it is

A

Caudal migration of neural crest cells doesnt reach anus, a ganglionic pt of distal colon w no Meissner or auerbach myenteric plexus

22
Q

Hirschprung disease

Problems

A

Obstruction, enterocolitis, perforation

23
Q

Ischemic bowel disease

What it is
Mortality rate

A

Acute occlusion or hypoperfusion can result in infarction

Transmural= >90%

24
Q

Ischemic bowel disease

Causes

A

Arterial thrombosis, arterial embolism, venous thrombosis, nonocclusive ischemia (cv fail, shock, dehydration, vasoconstriction drugs), mechanical obstruction (volvulus, stricture, hernia)

25
Q

Hemorrhoid

Causes

A

Straining in defecation, pregnancy, hepatic portal htn

26
Q

Diarrhea
Secretory cause
Osmotic cause
Exudative cause

A

Cholera
Golytely
Destrution of epithelial layer: shigella, salmonella, campylobacter

27
Q

Diarrhea
Malabs causes
Deranged motility causes

A

Giardia, lymphatic obstruc, defection abs

Surgery and hyperthyroidism

28
Q

UC

What it is and dx

A

Holes in colon, pseudopolyps

Sigmoidoscopy

29
Q

Chrohns

What it is

A

Skip lesions anywhere in gi Ttract. Causes inflammation and fistula

30
Q

Crohns:
Fever
Rectal bleeding
Abd tenderness

A

Common
1/2 pts
Common

31
Q

Crohns
Abd mass
Abd pain
Fistula

A

Very common to all 3

32
Q

UC:
Fever
Rectal bleeding
Abd tenderness

A

Uncommon
Common
May be present

33
Q

UC:
Abd mass
Abd pain
Fistulas

A

Uncommon
Uncommon
Rare

34
Q

Common symptoms to crohns and UC

6

A 
Diarrhea 
Loss of appetite 
Painful BM 
Frequent BM 
Wt loss 
Fatigue
35
Q

Diverticulitis

Occurs in who

A

50% ppl over 50, inc w age.

36
Q

Diverticulitis
Problems:
4
Tx

A

LLQ pain, bleeding, perforating, fistula formation (following perf)
Fiber and yogurt

37
Q

Bowel obs

4 causes of mechanical obs

A

Hernias, adhesions, intussusception, volvulus

38
Q

Bowel obs

4 types of pseudo obstructions

A

Paralytic ileus (postop), bowel infarct, myopathies and neuropathies (hirschsprung)

39
Q

Polyp
Pedunculated
Sessile

A

Tumorous mass protruding into lumen
Has stalk
No stalk

40
Q

Hyperplastic
Non neo plastic
Neo plastic

A

Inc number of cells, not cx
Not cancer
Abn disorganized growth, can be cx

41
Q

Adenoma

Adenocarcinoma

A

Neo plastic polyps from epithelial dysplasia and prolif.

Cx from adenomatous polyps

42
Q

Colorectal cancer

Common symp: 3

A

Pain, obstruction, changes in bowel habit

43
Q

Colorectal cx

Symptoms left side

A

Visible blood in stool, LLQ pain

44
Q

Colorectal cx

Right side symp

A

Fatigue, weakness, iron deficiency anemia

Patho (11 decks)

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