Lecture 5

Question 1

many organisms deposit crystalline or amorphous minerals –

Answer 1

inside or outside their cells

Question 2

minerals are used to –, remove salts and toxic materials, store useful ions, and provide components for sense organs

Answer 2

build skeletons

Question 3

common biominerals: hexagonal

Answer 3

calcite

Question 4

common biominerals: orthorhombic

Answer 4

aragonite

Question 5

common biominerals: CaP

Answer 5

apatite

Question 6

common biominerals: hydrated silica

Answer 6

opal

Question 7

common biominerals: iron oxide

Answer 7

magnetite

Question 8

only – biominerals are commonly fossilized

Answer 8

skeletal

Question 9

most minerals skeletons are

Answer 9

stiffened walls (calcite), scaffolds, shells

Question 10

eggshell is a – formed on a hydrostatic skeleton

Answer 10

stiffened wall

Question 11

vertebrate skeletons are

Answer 11

scaffolds

Question 12

shells are formed by – growth

Answer 12

accretionary

Question 13

Nautilus shells is divided by

Answer 13

stiffened walls

Question 14

nautilus grows in a –spiral

Answer 14

logarithmic

Question 15

open-rooted teeth and horns are –

Answer 15

shells

Question 16

– have a large effect on the use of biominerals in skeletons

Answer 16

crystal properties

Question 17

– is more important than symmetry

Answer 17

habit

Question 18

in pure solutions, calcite forms

Answer 18

equidimensional crystals

Question 19

in pure solutions, aragonite forms

Answer 19

fibers

Question 20

some magnesium promotes the formation of

Answer 20

fibrous calcite

Question 21

– biomineralization works at the atomic scale in two dimensions

Answer 21

matix-mediated

Question 22

structures made of fibers are –

Answer 22

weak

Question 23

mother of pearl

Answer 23

nacre

Question 24

nacre and foliated calcite are

Answer 24

strong

Question 25

nacre and foliated calcite have long fossil record extending back to the

Answer 25

Cambrian

Question 26

conversion of a carbonate fiber into a sheet requires a change in

Answer 26

crystal habit

Question 27

fibers grow fast at the –

Answer 27

tip

Question 28

fiber –> sheet

Answer 28

matrix-mediated biomineralization

Question 29

calcite and aragonite seas measured from fluid inclusions in

Answer 29

rock salts

Question 30

– are like sealed time capsules (used in ore deposit exploration and the petroleum industry)

Answer 30

fluid inclusions

Question 31

percent of – in calcite declines when algae is grown in Cretaceous seawater

Answer 31

Mg

Question 32

Cambrian - Ordovician seawater

Answer 32

calcite

Question 33

Ediacaran seawater

Answer 33

aragonite