Lecture 13

Question 1

Deuterostomes are – symmetrical

Answer 1

bilaterally

Question 2

homalozoa, crinozoa, asterozoa, echinozoa

Answer 2

phylum echinodermata

Question 3

homalozoa

Answer 3

carpoids

Question 4

crinozoa

Answer 4

crinoids

Question 5

asterozoa

Answer 5

starfish and brittle stars

Question 6

echinozoa

Answer 6

sea urchins and sea cucumbers

Question 7

Hemichordata and Echinodermata are –

Answer 7

sister groups

Question 8

carpoids are – of the crown group echinodermata

Answer 8

plesion

Question 9

calcichordate fish morphology is

Answer 9

convergent

Question 10

echinoderms bilateral symmetry –> asymmetry and attachment to one pole –>

Answer 10

5-fold symmetry at opposite pole via 3-fold state

Question 11

first synapomorphy (shared derived character) of echinoderms

Answer 11

calcite stereom

Question 12

echinoderm skeleton is a cubic emulsion of living –

Answer 12

protoplasm and mineral

Question 13

echinoderm: the interface between mineral and living tissue is a surface of —

Answer 13

minimum curvature

Question 14

T/F: echinoids almost went extinct

Answer 14

true

Question 15

echinoid test is a –

Answer 15

stiffened wall

Question 16

regular echinoid has top

Answer 16

top anus and bottom mouth

Question 17

Gogia

Answer 17

Eocrinoid Cambrian

Question 18

hemichordata

Answer 18

graptolites

Question 19

dictyonema

Answer 19

dendroid graptolite

Question 20

uniserial or biserial arm, tegmen, cup/calyx, stem, holdfast

Answer 20

crinoid

Question 21

nema, sicula, stipe, theca

Answer 21

graptolite

Question 22

spine, anus, mouth, interambulacral area, compound plates

Answer 22

echinoid

Question 23

Graptolite Polonograptus

Answer 23

Silurian Bohemia

Question 24

Graptolite periderm (collagen) growth towards

Answer 24

half ring

Question 25

extinct, soft-bodied animals whose fossil record consists of largely tiny phosphatic elements that made up an apparatus used for grasping and ingesting food

Answer 25

conodonts

Question 26

T/F: conodonts was a common but not conspicuous during Paleozoic and Triassic

Answer 26

true

Question 27

T/F: conodonts are like vertebrate teeth

Answer 27

false

Question 28

growth lines in conodonts show that growth occurred on –

Answer 28

all external surfaces

Question 29

conodonts are made up of – a variety of apatite

Answer 29

dahllite

Question 30

conodonts occur as –, natural assemblages, recurrent associations, and fused clusters

Answer 30

disjunct elements

Question 31

crinoids were prominent during –

Answer 31

Paleozoic

Question 32

– were prominent modern faunas

Answer 32

echinoids

Question 33

Echinoderms are wholly marine and have a – skeleton (stereo)

Answer 33

porous calcitic

Question 34

– are extinct colonial hemichordates that are useful for biostratigraphy form the O-early D

Answer 34

graptolites

Question 35

conodonts are the – of soft bodied stem or crown vertebrates

Answer 35

teeth

Question 36

conodonts are useful for dating and –

Answer 36

exploring thermal histories

Question 37

microRAs are part of transcriptosome, 22-nt, tissue-specific, regulate gene expression, gained as complexity grows, ideal for phylogenetics, and

Answer 37

rarely lost