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Psychology > Chapter 11 terms > Flashcards

Chapter 11 terms Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal animals

A

The spinal cord is disconnected from the brain.

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2
Q

Reflex

A

Simple unvarying, and unlearned response to sensory stimuli such as touch, pressure and pain. Basic unit of movement

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3
Q

Motor plan

A

a set of muscle commands established before the action occurs.

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4
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

records the electrical activity of muscles.

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5
Q

Closed-loop control mechanisms

A

These mechanisms maximize accuracy, information from what is being controlled flows back into the controlling device.

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6
Q

Open-loop control mechanism

A

This mechanism maximizes speed. There is no external feedback, and the activity is pre-programmed. Used for ballistic movements.

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7
Q

Ballistic movements

A

are rapid-completed no matter what sensory feedback is received.

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8
Q

Hierarchy of Motor control systems:

A

Cerebellum and basal ganglia, Nonprimary motor cortices, primary motor cortex, brainstem, spinal cord, skeletal system

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9
Q

Skeletal system

A

Bones and their attached muscles

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10
Q

Spinal cord

A

Controls skeletal muscles

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11
Q

Brain stem

A

Integrates motor commands and relays sensory information

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12
Q

Primary motor cortices

A

Provides an additional source of motor commands, acting indirectly via primary motor cortex and through direct connections to lower levels of the motor hierarchy

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13
Q

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

A

modulate activities of these control systems, sometimes via the thalamus in a loop back to the cortex.

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14
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found in the heart and stomach. Is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

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15
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

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16
Q

Antagonists

A

Muscles that contract when others extend

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17
Q

Synergists

A

Muscles that act together

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18
Q

Motor neurons

A

transmit motor messages to muscles.

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19
Q

Muscle fiber

A

Skeletal muscle is composed of this This thing is made of myosin and actin

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20
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filaments

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21
Q

Actin

A

thin filaments

22
Q

Striated muscle

A

Overlapping gives this type of muscle a striped appearance

23
Q

Fast- twitch muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers that contract rapidly but fatigue easily.

24
Q

Slow-twitch muscle fibers

A

These muscle fibers contract more slowly but are resistant to fatigue (mainly postural muscles).

25
Q

Muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

refers to disorders that lead to degeneration and changes in muscle structure.

26
Q

Dystrophin

A

A protein needed for normal muscle function- produced by a gene on the X chromosomes.

27
Q

Acetylcholine

A

When action potentials travel downt he motor neuron, which branches into many terminals near its target where this neurotransmitter

28
Q

neuromuscular junctions

A

These targets where the neuron terminates on the muscle fiber are called this.

29
Q

A motor unit

A

this consists of a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

30
Q

Innervation ratio

A

the number of fibers innervated by an axon.

31
Q

Myasthenia

A

a disease where the patient develops antibodies to his own ACh

32
Q

Proprioception

A

The collection of information about body movements and positions

33
Q

Proprioceptive receptors

A

Muscle spindles and Golgi Tendon organs

34
Q

Muscle spindles

A

consist of afferent and efferent nerve. They detect the length of the muscle

35
Q

Intrafusual fibers

A

These fibers lie within each muscle spindle

36
Q

Extrafusal Fibers

A

These fibers lie outside of the muscle spindles

37
Q

Primary sensory ending

A

wrap the center of the intrafusal fiber and secondary sensory endings wrap the ends of the spindle. These endings a maximally sensitive early in a stretch; communicate velocity

38
Q

Secondary sensory endings

A

These endings are slow to change rate, maximally sensitive to maintain length; communicate muscle length.

39
Q

Gamma motoneurons

A

alter tension within the spindle and control receptor sensitivity.

40
Q

Alpha motoneurons

A

go to the extrafusal muscle fibers.

41
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

This thing is responsive to muscle contraction but not to stretch. Stimulation of this thing inhibits motor neurons acting on muscles, thereby relaxing tension and preventing damage.

42
Q

Central pattern generator

A

the neural circuitry responsible for rhythmic behavior such as walking

43
Q

Polio viruses

A

Destroy spinal motoneurons and sometimes cranial motoneurons

44
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS

A

Degeneration of motoneurons and the subsequent loss of their target muscles.

45
Q

Pyramidal system

A

Consists of neuronal cell bodies in the cerebral cortex and their axons, which for the pyramidal tract to the spinal cord.

46
Q

Nonprimary motor cortex

A

This lies anterior to M1 and has two main regions: the supplementary motor area, and premotor cortex

47
Q

Mirror neurons

A

These neurons are active both when an individual makes a particualr movement and when an individual sees another individual make that same movement.

48
Q

Extrapyramidal system

A

includes motortracts that do not run through the medulla.

49
Q

Spasticity

A

increased rigidity in response to forced limb movement.

50
Q

Apraxia

A

Inability to carry out movements, although no muscle paralysis.

51
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A

inability to complete simple motor activity on command.

52
Q

Ideational Apraxia

A

Impairment in completing a sequence oft asks although able to do each individual step.

Psychology (25 decks)

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