Exam 4

Question 1

In the eyes, cells interact on a variety of levels. One way to increase visual perceptiveness is for the cells to exhibit _______, which is when neurons modifiy the activities of their neighbors.

Answer 1

lateral inhibition

Question 2

In aquatic animals with lateral-line systems, movements of water in relation to the body surface stimulate receptors located in the _______, allowing the animals to detect movements of other animals.

Answer 2

cupula

Question 3

New olfactory receptor cells are formed from

Answer 3

basal cells

Question 4

Tastes of food are discriminated based on the receptor that they activate. Metabatropic and ionotropic receptor subclasses are both found on the tongue. If you taste something very bitter, which receptor is activated?

Answer 4

T2R

Question 5

The lowest level at which impulses from the two ears interact is the

Answer 5

olivary nucleus

Question 6

Ocular dominance slabs are found in the…

Answer 6

Primary visual cortex

Question 7

Information goes from the vestibular system to the brain via the

Answer 7

eighth cranial nerve

Question 8

The concept of multiple spatial frequency channels in the visual system was first supported by experiments with

Answer 8

perception of gratings

Question 9

In order to better understand how the brain perceives images, Campbell and Robson suggested that the brain exhibits a kind of Fourier analysis by interpreting the number of light-dark cycles in a visual space. This is known as what?

Answer 9

Spatial-frequency filter model

Question 10

The hair cells of the semicircular canals are located in the…

Answer 10

ampullae

Question 11

Newborn humans seem to be relatively insensitive to _______ tastes.

Answer 11

salty

Question 12

Which theory argues that frequency of auditory stimuli is directly encoded in the firing patterns of auditory neurons?

Answer 12

Volley theory

Question 13

The phenomenon of onset _______ and the formation of a sound _______ by the head allow for the localization of sound in space.

Answer 13

disparity; shadow

Question 14

The neural signals that result from the processing of visual input in the retina converge on the _______ cells.

Answer 14

ganglion

Question 15

In the say way that the somatosensory cortex has areas designated to certain body parts for sensation, this kind of spatial organization of neural tissue, from the cochlea to the auditory cortex, corresponds to frequency of sounds processed based on location of processing.

Answer 15

tonotopic

Question 16

After repeated exposure to loud sounds, many people developed a permanent form of deafness called _______ deafness.

Answer 16

sensorineural

Question 17

Myopia is a condition that develops when…

Answer 17

The eyeball is too long

Question 18

You have just found out that you have a snow day! You throw open your window of your dark room and are blinded by the light from the fresh snow. After you go outside for a time, though, you are fully able to see everything without being blinded The reverse happens when you go inside. Everything is dark and difficult to see for a time. What process has just been described?

Answer 18

Photoreceptor adaptation

Question 19

The pinna, through millions of years of evolution, has been selected to amplify frequencies in the 2000-5000 Hz range, an example of ….

Answer 19

spectral filtration

Question 20

Sound occurs due to sequential compression and expansion of air molecules. In _______, this phenomenon can be represented mathematically with a simple sine wave….

Answer 20

pure tones

Question 21

Due to the diffuse nature of light waves, the eye has to focus images onto the fovea to allow for heightened visual acuity. This process is known as _________, and is controlled by which muscles?

Answer 21

accommodation; cilliary muscles

Question 22

John’s basilar membrane is being activated near the base of his cochlea, due to the overwhelming bass of his car. His brain interrprets these vibrations based on where the membrane is disturbed. This agrees most heavily with the _______ theory of pitch discrimination.

Answer 22

place

Question 23

Optic ataxia refers to difficulty with …

Answer 23

Reaching and grasping objects

Question 24

In extreme cases of scarlet fever that did not include death, individuals have been known to go deaf. If one posits that nothing is wrong with the individuals’ external or middle ear, _________ deafness has occured….

Answer 24

Sensorineural

Question 25

You are about to sneeze violently. In order to mitigate sound transmission, your brain activates the…

Answer 25

Stapedius

Question 26

The rods of the retina are the main receptors of the _______ visual system.

Answer 26

scotopic

Question 27

Specialized ganglion cells that detect darkness are….

Answer 27

inhibited by both M and L cones

Question 28

The inferior colliculus projects auditory impulses to the

Answer 28

medial geniculate nucleus

Question 29

Motion sickness is particularly attributable to movements of the body that are not _______ by the sufferer.

Answer 29

controlled

Question 30

The cortical region whose cells respond preferentially to motion is

Answer 30

V5

Question 31

The sharpness with which an image can be resolved by the visual system is called…

Answer 31

acuity

Question 32

Visual cortical areas outside the primary visual cortex are referred to as…

Answer 32

extrastriate cortex

Question 33

Spatial frequency filtration by a cortical cell is critically dependent on the _______ of the cell’s receptive field.

Answer 33

Width of the center, width of the surround, orientation selectivity.

Question 34

Functional MRI studies have revealed that the presence of odorants is especially associated with activation of

Answer 34

Prepyriform cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex

Question 35

For humans, the minimal discriminable frequency difference between two tones is about…

Answer 35

2Hz for sounds up to 2000 Hz

Question 36

Brightness detector ganglion cells receive their input chiefly from….

Answer 36

L and M cones

Question 37

Stimulation of a photoreceptor results in the generation of _______ in the receptor.

Answer 37

a graded hyperpolarization

Question 38

The cells whose axons make up the optic nerve are the _______ cells.

Answer 38

ganglion

Question 39

Within the nucleus laminaris of birds, bineural cells act as _______ to detect the location of sound in space.

Answer 39

coincidence detectors