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Biochemistry 3380 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Enzyme assays are used to quantify levels of

A

glucose; lactate; urea nitrogen; cholesterol; creatine kinase

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2
Q

What are the normal values for blood glucose levels in humans?

A

4.4 - 6.1 mM (79.2 - 110 mg/dl)

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3
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

high blood sugar

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperglycemia?

A

diabetes

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5
Q

Long-term hyperglycemia can cause

A

heart disease; eye/kidney/nerve damage

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6
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

low blood sugar

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoglycemia?

A

incorrect insulin dosage during diabetic treatment

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8
Q

What are other causes of hypoglycemia?

A

hyperinsulinemia; metabolic disorders; hormone deficiencies; organ failure

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9
Q

Severe hypoglycemia can cause

A

tissue damage; death

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10
Q

The test trip of a modern glucometer contains

A

glucose oxidase; an interface to an electrode inside the meter

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11
Q

The glucose oxidase reaction generates

A

an electrical current

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12
Q

How is the glucometer calibrated?

A

calibrated to generate a reading based on the strength of the electrical current

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13
Q

What is the relationship between electric current and blood glucose level?

A

higher electrical current = higher blood glucose level

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14
Q

The urine test trip contains

A

glucose oxidase; a chromogen (which reacts with H2O2); peroxidase

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15
Q

The glucose oxidase in the urine test trip catalyzes what reaction?

A

write out slide 7

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16
Q

The peroxidase in the urine test trip catalyzes what reaction?

A

write out slide 7

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17
Q

What are the components of the glucose assay reagent?

A

ATP; hexokinase

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18
Q

NADH is measured at wavelength?

A

340 nm

19
Q

The liver produces urea as a waste product of

A

the digestion of proteins

20
Q

BUN levels are tested as

A

a check of the body’s ability to metabolize proteins; an indicator of kidney health

21
Q

What are the normal BUN levels in humans?

A

1.8 - 7.1 mM

22
Q

What is the relationship between BUN and congestive heart failure?

A

higher than normal BUN levels

23
Q

What is the relationship between BUN and kidney failure?

A

higher than normal BUN levels

24
Q

What is the relationship between BUN and liver disease/failure?

A

lower than normal BUN levels

25
Q

What is the relationship between BUN and gastrointestinal hemorrhage?

A

higher than normal BUN levels

26
Q

What is the coupled reaction in the BUN test?

A

write out slide 12

27
Q

Where is creatine kinase found?

A

in the heart; brain; skeletal muscles

28
Q

Is the creatine kinase reaction reversible?

A

Yes, it is reversible.

29
Q

Describe energy release/storage in the forward direction of the creatine kinase reaction.

A

In the forward reaction, energy storing

30
Q

Describe energy release/storage in the reverse direction of the creatine kinase reaction.

A

In the reverse reaction, energy releasing

31
Q

What are the normal creatine kinase levels in humans?

A

Adult males - 52-336 U/L; Adult females - 38-176 U/L

32
Q

Elevated creatine kinase levels may indicate

A

skeletal muscle damage; heart damage

33
Q

What are the coupled reactions in the creatine kinase reaction?

A

write out slide 16

34
Q

What does ELISA stand for?

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

35
Q

What are the four types of ELISA?

A

direct ELISA; indirect ELISA; sandwich ELISA; competitive ELISA

36
Q

What happens in an indirect ELISA?

A

antigen-coated well; specific antibody binds to antigen; enzyme-linked antibody to specific antibody; substrate is added and converted by enzyme into colored product; rate of color formation is proportional to amount of specific antibody

37
Q

What happens in a sandwich ELISA?

A

monoclonal antibody-coated well; antigen binds to antibody; a second monoclonal antibody linked to an enzyme binds to an immobilized antigen; substrate is added and converted by enzyme into colored product; rate of color formation is proportional to amount of specific antigen

38
Q

What happens in a competitive ELISA?

A

coat wells with anthrax antigen; add sample (which will either have anthrax antibody or not); wash + add conjugated secondary antibody; wash + add substrate

39
Q

Depending on experimental design, ELISAs can be either

A

qualitative or quantitative

40
Q

The pregnancy test detects what hormone?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

41
Q

The wick of the pregnancy test contains

A

free, labeled anti-hCG antibodies

42
Q

The test strip of the pregnancy test contains

A

unlabeled, fixed anti-hCG antibodies

43
Q

The control strip of the pregnancy test contains

A

fixed secondary antibodies that bind anti-hCG

Biochemistry 3380 (9 decks)

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