Type I diabetes

Question 1

Receptor impaired in type 1 diabetes

Answer 1

GLUT4

Question 2

main cause of type 1 diabetes

Answer 2

decreased insulin production.

Question 3

what kind of a disease is T1D

Answer 3

an autoimmune disease.

The immune system attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them.

Question 4

course of T1D

Answer 4

exposure to toxin/virus in individuals with a genetic predisposition -> slow beta cell destruction -> clinical disease.

Question 5

in the absence of insulin

Answer 5

liver and muscle cells are unable to take up glucose

Question 6

the risk of developing type 1 diabetes compared to other severe chronic diseases of childhood is

Answer 6

increased

Question 7

genetic risk for T1D is increased in

Answer 7

mothers younger than 25
fathers with T1D
a parent developed T1D before age 11 (highest risk)
both parents have T1D (1 in 4 risk)
siblings with T1D

Question 8

Three categories of genes known to affect T1D

Answer 8

immune function (HLA) highest risk
Insulin expression (VNTR in insulin gene)
Beta cell function (lowest risk)

Question 9

HLA genes

Answer 9

subset of genes in the MHC region that encode cell surface antigen presenting proteins.

Question 10

decreased risk of T1D occurs when the dq beta chain of the HLA protein has

Answer 10

aspartic acid as amino acid 57

Question 11

INS gene

Answer 11

encodes the pre-insulin peptide.

Variation occurs in repeats located 0.5 kb 5’to the INS gene.

Question 12

• About _non-HLA genes have been identified that are involved in type 1 diabetes

Answer 12

• About 60 non-HLA genes have been identified that are involved in type 1 diabetes

Question 13

• Certain number of VNTRs are more susceptible or protected

Answer 13

o	Short (26 to 63 repeats): predisposed
o	Long (140 to 210 repeats): protected

Question 14

• Environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes,

Answer 14

gluten
bacteria
obesity

Question 15

• Treatment?

Answer 15

• Treatment? Take insulin daily