Type II diabetes

Question 1

type II diabetes

Answer 1

a complex metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose resulting from insulin resistance combined with increasing insulin deficiency.

Question 2

what form of diabetes is the most common?

Answer 2

type II

Question 3

symptoms of type II diabetes

Answer 3

increased thirst, hunger, urination
fatigue
infections
weight loss 
blurred vision

Question 4

greatest risk factor for type II diabetes

Answer 4

obesity

Question 5

type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of

Answer 5

genetic factors

environmental factors

Question 6

evidence for genetic basis of T2D

Answer 6

concordance in monozygotic twins: 70%

concordance in dizygotic twins: 30%

Question 7

insulin resistance

Answer 7

the body’s cells (liver and muscle) have a diminished ability to respond to the action of insulin.

Question 8

characteristic features of type two

Answer 8

insulin resistance

decreased insulin secretion

Question 9

first stage of T2

Answer 9

insulin resistance

Question 10

how the pancreas compensates insulin resistance

Answer 10

the pancreas secretes increasing amounts of insulin to maintain adequate sugar movement into cells.

Question 11

what occurs first: insulin resistance or decreased insulin synthesis/secretion?

Answer 11

insulin resistance

Question 12

the best predictor for T2

Answer 12

insulin resistance

Question 13

metabolic syndrome causes the development of

Answer 13

metabolic syndrome

Question 14

metabolic syndrome symptoms

Answer 14

hyperinsulinemia
T2D
obesity
hypertension
LDL

Question 15

prediabetes

Answer 15

when insulin resistance leads to increased blood glucose levels.
It leads to T2D

Question 16

elevated glucose impairs and destroys

Answer 16

beta cells

Question 17

causes of decreased insulin secretion

Answer 17

a decline in the cellular secretory rate (in beta cell function)

a decrease in beta cell mass (the product of beta cell size and number)

Question 18

Is more known about the genetics of T1 or T2?

Answer 18

T1

Pathogenesis of T2D is more complicated than T1D since more metabolic pathways are involved.

Question 19

two gene candidates

Answer 19

hepatocyte nuclear transcription factor

peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma.

Question 20

First important diabetes gene to be identified

Answer 20

TCFF7L2

an allele of an intronic SNP

Question 21

What TCF7L2 is associated with

Answer 21

impaired beta cell function (and insulin secretion), but not insulin resistance.

Question 22

How TCF7L2 increases risk of T2D

Answer 22

SNP T allele exhibits stronger enhancer activity compared to non-risk G allele.
Nuclear DNA binding protein HMGB1 interacts with TCF7L2 in human islets (bound more SNP T allele than to G allele).

Question 23

Exapmple of a loci containing variants that confer T2D risk in addition to the TCF7L2 gene

Answer 23

a non synonymous polymorphism in the zinc transporter SLC30A8, which is expressed exclusively in insulin producing beta cells.

Question 24

what do most of the genes identified by GWAs involve in?

Answer 24

beta cell dysfunction than insulin resistance.

Question 25

percentage of T2 SNPs that are intergenic or intergenic or intronic

Answer 25

80 - 90%