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APUSH > Final Vocab > Flashcards

Final Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Containment

A

U.S. policy of preventing the spread of Communism in Europe

Proposed by George Kennan***

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2
Q

Collective Security

A

Reliance on a group of nations for protection against foreign aggressors vs just their own self defense

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3
Q

Phyllis Schafly

A

Conservative female political activist, campaigned against the Equal Rights Amendment (applied to workforce, disadvantage to housewives, women would be drafted), critical about U.S. arms control agreement with Soviets, against feminism and abortion

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4
Q

Bakke v Univ. of CA

A

Ruling: colleges using racial quotas in admission process = unconstitutional, affirmative action programs (equal opportunity) = constitutional in some cases, race can be considered by no quotas

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5
Q

Watergate

A

1970’s political scandal: Nixon admin cover up, illegal activities: hired “goons” broke into the Democratic National Committee Headquarters. This scandal revealed Nixon admin abuse of power, forcing him to resign. Result: people lost faith in the gov

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6
Q

Counter-Culture

A

Hippies turned their back on the gov bc the war (Vietnam) = bad. Peace and love man. They mainly lived in San Francisco because colorful clothes and available drugs, man

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7
Q

Immigration laws 1965

A

Hart-Celler Act (Immigration & Nationality Act) ended the National Origins Formula created by the Emergency Quota Act 1921

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8
Q

Massive Retaliation

A

Eisenhower admin defense policy 1950’s, response to any foreign act of aggression = “massive retaliation” (nuclear warfare)

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9
Q

Space Race

A

Cold War competition between 2 superpowers: U.S. & Soviet Union (supremacy, spaceflight capacity) (Sputnik vs Man on Moon)

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10
Q

Arms Race

A

Nations competing for superiority by developing and accumulating weapons (Ex: US vs USSR Cold War era, also WWI)

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11
Q

Decolonization

A

Undoing colonization (decreasing domination over territories). Popular with the US & USSR during the Cold War (and the development of the United Nations)

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12
Q

Suez Crisis

A

Nasser (Egyptian president) nationalized Suez Canal (previously owned by Britain & France), Israel invades Egypt 1965, followed by Britain and France. UN forced Britain to leave = I) Britain; no longer a superpower, oil = increased importance in world affairs

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13
Q

OPEC

A

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; it coordinates and unifies the rate of petroleum (stabilizes the petroleum market / economy) between 13 Middle Eastern countries

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14
Q

Military-Industrial Complex

A

(MIC) = informal alliance between a nation’s military and arms industry (has the ability to influence public policy). Eisenhower’s farewell address warned the US to be careful about the relationship between the nation’s military, politics, and economy

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15
Q

Fannie Lou Hamer

A

African American female: voting rights activist, Civil Rights leader, Mississippian philanthropist membet of SN

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16
Q

John Lewis

A

Leader:(encouraged by Wagner Act)

United Mine Workers, Committee of Industrialized Organization (CIO) within AFL (eventually broke away)

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17
Q

Thurgood Marshall

A

African American, civil rights lawyer, associate justice of supreme court

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18
Q

Civil Rights Act 1964

A

Segregation = illegal in ALL public facilities, federal gov = power to ENFORCE desegregation (ex schools). Led to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (end discrimination in employment)

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19
Q

Betty Friedan

A

Writer, activist, feminist. The Feminine Mystique 1963 = second wave of feminism (20th century)

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20
Q

Gloria Steinman

A

Leader / spokesperson for the women’s liberation movement, late 1960-1970s

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21
Q

Dean Acheson

A

Helped designed the Marshall Plan and other anti communist thingys but then Secretary of State, was charged by McCarthy to have knowingly employed 205 Communist members but again, was not proven.

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22
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

Think of Thanksgiving, the US gave money to Turkey and Greece to help them avoid the temptations of communism.

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23
Q

Marshall Plan

A

After the success of the Truman Doctrine, the US offered aid to all nations trying to fight communism.

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24
Q

NATO

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, they were all united and promised to fight communism. They were the opposite of the Warsaw Pact.

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25
Q

NSC-68

A

A secret military paper that allowed for a larger military budget and the creation of the hydrogen bomb.

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26
Q

Smith Act 1940

A

Made it illegal to want to overthrow the government and spread these type of rebellious ideas. Also made noncitizen adults in the US register with the government.

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27
Q

Dennis v US

A

The leader of the Communist party of the US was not given his rights from the First Amendment because he was not allowed to talk about overthrowing the government. The Supreme Court stood behind the Smith Act in the ruling.

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28
Q

HUAC

A

House Un- American Activities Committee was responsible for investigating both government officials and private citizens and essuring that these people did not have Communist ties.

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29
Q

Blacklist

A

A person accused of being a Communist couldn’t get a job.

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30
Q

McCarthyism

A

Senator McCarthy accused random people of being communists during the Second Red Scare

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31
Q

Whittaker Chambers

A

An editor and former Communist who accused Alger Hiss (State Dept. during FDR days) of giving govt. secrets to Russians, convicted of perjury.

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32
Q

Alger Hiss

A

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy (giving classified documents to the Soviets) and was convicted of perjury. (Pumpkin Papers)

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33
Q

Loyalty Review Board

A

Established by Truman, investigated alleged communists holding government jobs.

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34
Q

Adlai Stevenson

A

The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term “eggheads”. Lost to Eisenhower.

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35
Q

John Foster Dulles

A

Served as U.S. Secretary of State under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against Communism throughout the world.

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36
Q

Brinkmanship

A

The act of pushing a situation to the verge of war in order to threaten and encourage one’s opponent to back down. Eisenhower’s foreign policy.

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37
Q

Geneva Conference

A

A conference after the Korean War that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.

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38
Q

Domino Theory

A

Keeping satellite nations from falling to Communism so that it wouldn’t create a domino effect and turn more nations to Communism (if you are confused on the concept of a general domino effect, ask me how I broke my arm the first time)

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39
Q

Eisenhower Doctrine

A

Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression.

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40
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

The Communist version of NATO, a group of nations that wanted to protect Communism and encourage it in other nations.

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41
Q

U-2 Incident

A

A US aircraft was shot down over Russia, make the Soviets trust the US even less.

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42
Q

Earl Warren

A

Lead the Supreme Court in decisions which ended segregation, such as Brown v. Board of Education

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43
Q

SCLC

A

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which was founded by MLK, taught that Civil Rights could be achieved through nonviolence.

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44
Q

SNCC

A

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, founded by young black students who wanted immediate change, they would often plan sit ins and other nonviolent protests.

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45
Q

Operation Wetback

A

A program set up to deport 1 million illegal Mexican workers. This was supported by the Mexican government.

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46
Q

Warren Commission

A

Was established to investigate the assassination of JFK.

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47
Q

New Frontier

A

Used by JFK to promote progressive ideas while entering the 1960s.

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48
Q

Flexible Response

A

Flexible response calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the United States the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of warfare, not limited only to nuclear arms.

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49
Q

Michael Harrington

A

An American democratic socialist, writer, author of The Other America, political activist, political theorist, professor of political science, radio commentator and founding member of the Democratic Socialists of America. He coined the term neoconservatism.

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50
Q

Barry Goldwater

A

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history.

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51
Q

Rachel Carson

A

American conservationist whose 1962 book “Silent Spring” galvanized the modern environmental movement that gained significant traction in the 1970s

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52
Q

Ralph Nader

A

A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles

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53
Q

24th Amend.

A

Poll taxes prohibited. The right to vote cannot be denied based on the paying or non-paying of a poll tax. (1964)

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54
Q

George Wallace

A

Wallace is remembered for his Southern neo-dixiecrat[2] and “Jim Crow” positions during the mid-20th century period of the Civil Rights Movement, declaring in his 1963 Inaugural Address that he stood for “segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.”

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55
Q

Malcolm X

A

Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.

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56
Q

CORE

A

Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights

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57
Q

Stokely Carmichael

A

a black civil rights activist in the 1960s who urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing “black power.”

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58
Q

Watts Riots

A

1965, The first large race riot since the end of World War II. In 1965, in the Watts section of Los Angeles, a riot broke out. This was the result of a white police officer striking a black bystander during a protest. This triggers a week of violence and anger revealing the resentment blacks felt toward treatment toward them.

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59
Q

DeFacto Segregation

A

Prominently in the North; racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement. Was harder to overcome than “de joure segregation”

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60
Q

DeJure Segregation

A

separation of people on the basis of race as required by by law

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61
Q

Kerner Commission

A

created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 60s race riots. It blames the riots on an “explosive mixture” of poverty, slum housing, poor education, and police brutality caused by “white racism” and advised federal spending to create new jobs for urban blacks, construct additional public housing, and end school segregation

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62
Q

Mapp v Ohio

A

(1961) *Right to Privacy
Whether denying federal forces without a warrant and then being bombarded violated her rights. Court ruled her 4th and 14th amendments were violated.

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63
Q

Gideon v Wainwright

A

Defendants are entitled to a lawyer in any trial, even non-capital cases. Courts are required to provide a lawyer if the defendant cannot. The only way a defendant cannot have a counsel is if they knowingly waive their right

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64
Q

Escobedo v IL

A

1964 Police must honor a person’s request to have an attorney present during interrogation

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65
Q

Thomas Dewey

A

The Republican presidential nominee in 1944, Dewey was the popular governor of New York. Roosevelt won a sweeping victory in this election of 1944. Dewey also ran against Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Everyone thought he would win. Newspapers even printed, “DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN” on election night. However, the morning results showed that Truman swept the election, much to Dewey’s embarrassment.

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66
Q

George Kennan

A

Smart dude who was the first one to introduce the term containment when referring to communism.

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67
Q

Dean Acheson

A

Helped designed the Marshall Plan and other anti communist thingys but then Secretary of State, was charged by McCarthy to have knowingly employed 205 Communist members but again, was not proven.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

Think of Thanksgiving, the US gave money to Turkey and Greece to help them avoid the temptations of communism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Marshall Plan

A

After the success of the Truman Doctrine, the US offered aid to all nations trying to fight communism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

NATO

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, they were all united and promised to fight communism. They were the opposite of the Warsaw Pact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

NSC-68

A

A secret military paper that allowed for a larger military budget and the creation of the hydrogen bomb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Smith Act 1940

A

Made it illegal to want to overthrow the government and spread these type of rebellious ideas. Also made noncitizen adults in the US register with the government.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Dennis v US

A

The leader of the Communist party of the US was not given his rights from the First Amendment because he was not allowed to talk about overthrowing the government. The Supreme Court stood behind the Smith Act in the ruling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

HUAC

A

House Un- American Activities Committee was responsible for investigating both government officials and private citizens and ensuring that these people did not have Communist ties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Blacklist

A

A person accused of being a Communist couldn’t get a job.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

McCarthyism

A

Senator McCarthy accused random people of being communists during the Second Red Scare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Whittaker Chambers

A

An editor and former Communist who accused Alger Hiss (State Dept. during FDR days) of giving govt. secrets to Russians, convicted of perjury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Alger Hiss

A

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy (giving classified documents to the Soviets) and was convicted of perjury. (Pumpkin Papers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Loyalty Review Board

A

Established by Truman, investigated alleged communists holding government jobs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Adlai Stevenson

A

The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term “eggheads”. Lost to Eisenhower.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

John Foster Dulles

A

Served as U.S. Secretary of State under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against Communism throughout the world.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Brinkmanship

A

The act of pushing a situation to the verge of war in order to threaten and encourage one’s opponent to back down. Eisenhower’s foreign policy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Geneva Conference

A

A conference after the Korean War that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Domino Theory

A

Keeping satellite nations from falling to Communism so that it wouldn’t create a domino effect and turn more nations to Communism (if you are confused on the concept of a general domino effect, ask me how I broke my arm the first time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Eisenhower Doctrine

A

Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

The Communist version of NATO, a group of nations that wanted to protect Communism and encourage it in other nations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

U-2 Incident

A

A US aircraft was shot down over Russia, make the Soviets trust the US even less.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Earl Warren

A

Lead the Supreme Court in decisions which ended segregation, such as Brown v. Board of Education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

SCLC

A

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which was founded by MLK, taught that Civil Rights could be achieved through nonviolence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

SNCC

A

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, founded by young black students who wanted immediate change, they would often plan sit ins and other nonviolent protests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Operation Wetback

A

A program set up to deport 1 million illegal Mexican workers. This was supported by the Mexican government.

92
Q

Warren Commission

A

Was established to investigate the assassination of JFK.

93
Q

New Frontier

A

Used by JFK to promote progressive ideas while entering the 1960s.

94
Q

Flexible Response

A

Flexible response calls for mutual deterrence at strategic, tactical, and conventional levels, giving the United States the capability to respond to aggression across the spectrum of warfare, not limited only to nuclear arms.

95
Q

Michael Harrington

A

An American democratic socialist, writer, author of The Other America, political activist, political theorist, professor of political science, radio commentator and founding member of the Democratic Socialists of America. He coined the term neoconservatism.

96
Q

Barry Goldwater

A

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history.

97
Q

Rachel Carson

A

American conservationist whose 1962 book “Silent Spring” galvanized the modern environmental movement that gained significant traction in the 1970s

98
Q

Ralph Nader

A

A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles.

99
Q

24th Amend.

A

Poll taxes prohibited. The right to vote cannot be denied based on the paying or non-paying of a poll tax. (1964)

100
Q

George Wallace

A

Wallace is remembered for his Southern neo-dixiecrat[2] and “Jim Crow” positions during the mid-20th century period of the Civil Rights Movement, declaring in his 1963 Inaugural Address that he stood for “segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.”

101
Q

Malcolm X

A

Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.

102
Q

CORE

A

Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights

103
Q

Stokely Carmichael

A

a black civil rights activist in the 1960s who urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing “black power.”

104
Q

Watts Riots

A

1965, The first large race riot since the end of World War II. In 1965, in the Watts section of Los Angeles, a riot broke out. This was the result of a white police officer striking a black bystander during a protest. This triggers a week of violence and anger revealing the resentment blacks felt toward treatment toward them.

105
Q

De Facto Segregation

A

Prominently in the North; racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement. Was harder to overcome than “de jure segregation”

106
Q

De Jure Segregation

A

separation of people on the basis of race as required by by law

107
Q

Kerner Commission

A

Created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 60s race riots. It blames the riots on an “explosive mixture” of poverty, slum housing, poor education, and police brutality caused by “white racism” and advised federal spending to create new jobs for urban blacks, construct additional public housing, and end school segregation

108
Q

Mapp v Ohio

A

(1961) *Right to Privacy
Whether denying federal forces without a warrant and then being bombarded violated her rights. Court ruled her 4th and 14th amendments were violated.

109
Q

Gideon v Wainwright

A

Defendants are entitled to a lawyer in any trial, even non-capital cases. Courts are required to provide a lawyer if the defendant cannot. The only way a defendant cannot have a counsel is if they knowingly waive their right.

110
Q

Escobedo v IL

A

1964 Police must honor a person’s request to have an attorney present during interrogation

111
Q

Reapportionment

A

In this, before 1962, it was common for at least one house of a state legislature to be based upon the drawing of district lines that strongly favoured rural areas to the disadvantage of large cities.

112
Q

Baker v Carr

A

The landmark case that ruled that the policies and practices of reapportionment were unconstitutional.

113
Q

Yates v US

A

(1957) *Free Speech
Whether being a member of a communist party, but not taking any real action violates the Smith Act. Court rules no real action took place, and convictions were reversed.

114
Q

Engel v Vitale

A

(1962) *School Prayers
Parents challenge public school requirement to recite a prayer at school. Court rules that the government has no right to force prayer.

115
Q

New Left

A

In the 1960s, American students formed what became known as this. In 1962, a group of students gathered in Michigan to form an organization to give voice to their demands: Students for a Democratic Society. This was a student radicalism organization that was determined to build a new politics.

116
Q

Weathermen

A

An offshoot of SDS (students for a democratic society), they were responsible for a few cases of arson and bombing that destroyed campus buildings and claimed several lives.

117
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

wrote “Sexual Behavior in the Human Male”(1948) and “Sexual Behavior in the Human Female”(1958); these shocked many people, looked at sex in primarily physical terms and broadened the terms of sexual behavior allowed by consenting adults in private (ooh frisky frisky)

118
Q

NOW

A

The NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN was formed in 1966 and functions to advocate for and raise public awareness of women’s issues. NOW was a central part of the women’s liberation movement in the 1960s.

119
Q

ERA

A

EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT; proposed amendment to the U.S. constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971; outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women’s-rights groups. The amendment fell 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification. However, many states have adopted similar amendments to their state constitutions

120
Q

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

A

a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

121
Q

Tet Offensive

A

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

122
Q

Hawks

A

called for intensification of the Vietnam conflict

123
Q

Doves

A

wanted de-escalation or withdrawal

124
Q

Hubert Humphrey

A

Vice president whose loyalty to LBJ’s Vietnam policies sent him down to defeat in the 1968 presidential election; LBJ’s vice president and McCarthy’s opposition in 1968 primary after LBJ stepped down. He won the Democratic nomination but not the presidency, strong civil rights activist from Minnesota

125
Q

Henry Kissinger

A

A Harvard professor whom Nixon appointed as his special assistant for national security affairs. He quickly established dominance over Secretary of States and Defense. This man and Nixon set out to find an acceptable solution to the stalemate in Vietnam.

126
Q

Nixon Doctrine

A

Created during the Vietnam War. Stated that the US would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

127
Q

Vietnamization

A

Nixon’s policy that involved withdrawing 540,000 US troops from South Vietnam over an extended period of time. It also included a gradual takeover of the South Vietnamese taking responsibility of fighting their own war by American-provided money, weapons, training, and advice.

128
Q

SALT 1

A

SALT I was a series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. on the issue of nuclear arms reduction. The talks helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two.

129
Q

New Federalism

A

President Nixon’s program to return power and tax dollars to the states and cities; the key aspect was revenue sharing, which distributed $30 billion in revenues to the states. Political philosophy of devolution, or of transfer of certain powers from the United States federal government to the states.

130
Q

Stagflation

A

During the 60’s and 70’s, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation (slow economic growth) of its industrial growth.

131
Q

Southern strategy

A

(1972)Nixon re-election campaign strategy designed to appeal to conservative whites in the historically Democratic south. The President stressed law and order issues and remained noncommittal on civil rights. This strategy typified the regional split between the two parties as white Southerners became increasingly attracted to the Republican party in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement.

132
Q

Title IX

A

A part of the Education Amendments which prohibited sex discrimination in any educational programs or activities that are funded by the federal government.

133
Q

George McGovern

A

Democratic Senator running against Nixon on antiwar platform in 1972 election, he lost in a landslide; (more info): A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.

134
Q

US v Nixon

A

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions;(1974) The court rejected Richard Nixon’s claim to an absolutely unqualified privilege against any judicial process.

135
Q

War Powers Act

A

(1973) This act stated that the president must report to Congress within 2 days of putting troops in danger in a foreign country, and there would be a 60 to 90 day limit for overseas troop presence.

136
Q

“Imperial Presidency”

A

Easy definition: 1970s. The term defines a president who assumes too much responsibility and power, and doesn’t consult Congress. Nixon evaded Congress with the aid of Kissinger, and Carter didn’t seek its approval.
Detailed: The term “imperial presidency” referred to the view that the office of the presidency underwent an evolution over time and that Watergate must be seen in the context of a much larger pattern of presidential usurpation of power (especially in the area of international relations) that went back several decades before Nixon.

137
Q

Camp David Accords

A

Peace accords signed by Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to finally end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. The achievement by Carter is considered his greatest achievement in office.

138
Q

Cesar Chavez

A

Cesar Chavez was an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962.

139
Q

Indian Self-Determination Act

A

Authorized the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and some other government agencies to enter into contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes. Allowed oversight of their own schools. 1974.

140
Q

Exxon Valdez Incident

A

The largest oil spill in world history. The supertanker Valdez ran aground, spilling about 11 million gallons of oil over 1,800 miles of beaches in Alaska. Maybe the environmentalists had a point? Also consider, however, what gas process would be without Alaska’s oil.

141
Q

Three Mile Island

A

(March 28, 1979) (Carter) A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

142
Q

EPA

A

A governmental organization signed into law by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment. The creation of the it marked a newfound commitment by the federal government to actively combat environmental risks and was a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement.

143
Q

Iran-Hostage Crisis

A

The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage’s release the day Ronald Reagan became president.

144
Q

Moral majority

A

A political group made up of fundamentalist Christians. Although not it did not accomplish much, it did show that Americans were starting to worry about the moral fabric of society.

145
Q

Deregulation of business

A

the lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer.

146
Q

“Contract with America”

A

In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.

147
Q

Planned Parenthood v Casey

A

The constitutionality of several Pennsylvania state regulations regarding abortion were challenged. The Court’s plurality opinion upheld the constitutional right to have an abortion but lowered the standard for analyzing restrictions of that right, invalidating one regulation but upholding the others.

148
Q

“star wars”

A

Popular name for Reagan’s proposed space-based nuclear defense system, officially called the Strategic Defense Initiative

149
Q

Missile Defense System

A

To block a nuclear attack. Called “Star Wars” by critics, it typified Reagan’s commitment to vigorous defense spending even as he sought to limit the size of government in domestic matters. AKA SDI

150
Q

NAFTA

A

Established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico, net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets

151
Q

Control Act 1986

A

Law of 1986 that granted amnesty to past illegal immigrants and penalized the employers of future illegal workers (same as immigration reform act)

152
Q

“Don’t Ask Don’t Tell”

A

The policy was intended as a “compromise” — one that purports to restrict the United States military from “witch-hunting” secretly gay, lesbian, and bisexual service members or applicants, while absolutely barring “openly” gay or bisexual people from joining the military, and expelling those already serving during Clinton’s term

153
Q

Immigration Reform

A

Law of 1986 that granted amnesty to past illegal immigrants and penalized the employers of future illegal workers (same as control act)

154
Q

Social Security Reform

A

Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

155
Q

Tax Cuts (Reagan/Bush)

A

Reagan:
Reaganomics cut taxes and government regulation in order to increase productivity, and eventually increase tax revenue as cash flowed in the economy
Bush: Two laws passed in 2001 and 2003 that reduced taxes for virtually every American:
1) cut income tax rates;
2) eliminate estate tax;
3) reduce taxes on capital gains and dividends

156
Q

Religious Fundamentalism

A

a religious movement whose objectives were to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy where every word of the bible is interpreted literally. CULTURAL.

157
Q

War on Terror

A

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined “war on terror” aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world

158
Q

Nuclear proliferation

A

The spread of nuclear weapons to new nations

159
Q

Welfare Reform

A

Bill that made reductions in welfare grants and required able welfare recipients to find employment.

160
Q

Newt Gingrich

A

Promoter of the “Contract with America” and the first Republican speaker in 40 years.

161
Q

Brady Bill

A

Gun-control law named for presidential aide James Brady who had been wounded and disabled by gunfire in the assassination attempt on Reagan in 1981.

162
Q

Operation Desert Storm

A

The United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours , The code name for the liberation of Kuwait during the Persian Gulf War of 1991

163
Q

Start I and II

A

I: The United States and the Soviet Union signed this treaty in July 1991 which called for a reduction in the number of long-range nuclear warheads and bombs held by each country by about one-third over a period of seven years.
II: Strategic Arms Reduction Talks, 1993-94 between USA and Russia to reduce the active deployment of ICBMs

164
Q

Boland Agreement

A

U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984, all aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to the Contras in Nicaragua.. democrats opposed to the administrations policies in nicaragua passed this to prohibit further aid to the contras

165
Q

Sandra Day O’Connor

A

The first woman to be in the Supreme Court. Appointed by Ronald Reagan, O’Connor was an Associate Justice from 1981 until 2006

166
Q

“Trickle Down” Economics

A 
economic theory that holds that money lent to banks and businesses will trickle down to consumers.
Reagan used this.
Also Coolidge (1920s) would assist the hard pressed railroads,banks, and rural credit corporations in the hope that if financial health were restored at the top of the economic pyramid, unemployment would be relieved at the bottom on a trickle down basis. Got Congress to spend $2.25 billion on useful public works (hashtag tbt bc yalls better review for ur ap)
167
Q

Supply-side Economics

A

Economic growth can be most effectively created by investing in capital and by lowering barriers on the production of goods and services. The economic theory of “Reaganomics” that emphasized cutting taxes and government spending in order to stimulate investment, productivity, and economic growth by private enterprise

168
Q

Televangelist

A

Evangelical ministers to reach a large nationwide audience.. Baptist Billy Graham, and Oral Roberts, and Roman Catholic Fulton J. Sheen took to the television airwaves to spread Christianity.

169
Q

Reverse discrimination

A

The practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously… during the 1970’s, white workers and students felt that they were being discriminated against by employers and admission offices because too much weight was put on race and ethnic background. In the court case, Bakke vs. California, the Supreme Court declared that preference in admissions to a college could not be given to a certain race, but racial factors could be taken into account in a school’s overall admissions policy.

170
Q

Proposition 13

A

California tax revolt in 1978 which slashed property taxes and forced huge cuts in government services.

171
Q

Political Action Committee

A

A type of organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation.

172
Q

Gerrymander

A

Drawing up the district lines in an odd shape or manner to favor one political party; comes from the Massachusetts governor in 1800 named Gerry to favor his party; one of the shapes that he made a district into looked like a salamander; both parties do this

173
Q

No Child Left Behind

A

Meant to fix a broken public education system; linked federal money to state action requiring states to have high standards for all students; evaluation of progress was through standardized testing

174
Q

Bush Tax Cuts

A

Bush wanted tax cuts for all income brackets; and continued to promise not to raise taxes

175
Q

Bush v Gore

A

Bush v. Gore, very controversial-Bush won (lost popular vote, won electoral vote), solidified red-blue divide

176
Q

Hurricane Katrina

A

2005, considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administration’s 2nd term and in its inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages toppled $150 billion.

177
Q

Housing Bubble

A

Sales of new homes in the United States went on a roller-coaster ride, rising by 60 percent between January 2000 and July 2005, before falling by 76 percent between July 2005 and January 2009.

178
Q

Homeland Security Dept.

A

Protects US from and responding to terrorist attacks, accidents, and natural disasters.

179
Q

Bowles-Simpson plan

A

reduce federal deficit by cutting taxes for poor and raising taxes for wealthy

180
Q

Tea Party

A

a political movement in the United States that is against taxation, against a strong central government, and against government spending

181
Q

2009 Stimulus Bill

A

save and create jobs immediately + give immediate relief to those who needed it

182
Q

Dodd-Frank Act

A

Increased financial regulation by improving accountability and transparency in the financial world. Wall street reform and consumer protection. Passed as a response to the financial crisis of 2007–2008, it brought the most significant changes to financial regulation in the United States since the regulatory reform that followed the Great Depression.

183
Q

“Axis of Evil”

A

A group of nations (Iraq, Iran, and North Korea) accused by the Bush administration of sponsoring terrorism and threatening to develop weapons of mass destruction

184
Q

Bush Doctrine

A

Foreign policy based on the idea that the United States should take preemptive action against threats to its national security (“Either you’re with us or you’re with the terrorists.”)

185
Q

Kyoto Accords

A

Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change dealing with global warming. It is an environmental treaty with the goal of achieving “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”

186
Q

Enron

A

A major energy company involved in a scandal of accounting fraud, questioned accounting in US

187
Q

Campaign Finance Reform

A

the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in politics, primarily in political campaigns.

188
Q

9/11/01

A

19 militant Islamist men (under Al Qaeda) hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft in 2001. Two of which, hit the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in NYC, one hit the Pentagon in Washington D.C., and the fourth was overtaken by passengers and crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. Over 3000 people were killed and many more injured.

189
Q

Hamid Karzai

A

Served as President of Afghanistan after the Taliban were taken out of power

190
Q

Operation Iraqi Freedom

A

Name for US involvement in the Iraq War; US invaded under false pretenses that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction.

191
Q

Fannie May

A

Organization that makes house mortgages available to people with modest incomes - when housing bubble burst and people defaulted on housing loans, this corporation taken over by the government

192
Q

Freddy Mac

A

Organization that makes house mortgages available to people with modest incomes - when housing bubble burst and people defaulted on housing loans, this corporation taken over by the government

193
Q

Lehman Bros.

A

Global financial services firm that went bankrupt

194
Q

John McCain

A

Republican candidate running against Obama in the election of 2008.

195
Q

Affordable Care Act

A

(Obamacare) expand health coverage to 30 million Americans, increase benefits and lower costs for consumers, provide new funding for public health and prevention, bolster our health care and public health workforce and infrastructure, subsidizes those who can’t afford insurance

196
Q

Debt Ceiling

A

legislative mechanism to limit the amt debt that can be issued by Treasury by limiting money gov can borrow

197
Q

Arab Spring

A

A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011)

198
Q

Elena Kagan

A

Newest member of current Supreme Court

199
Q

Sonia Sotomayor

A

First Hispanic and third woman justice in the Supreme Court’s history, confirmed in August 2009

200
Q

Heller Case

A

March - June 2008

A S.W.A.T. officer with the Washington D.C. police department sued in the District of Columbia District Court for the right to carry a handgun off duty. The Supreme Court ruled that he had the right to carry a weapon for a lawful purpose, and the District Court’s opinion was reversed.

201
Q

Citizens United (2010)

A

Court rules that corporations have first amendment right to spend as much as they like in elections. Super-PACs are a result

202
Q

NFIB v Sibelius (2012)

A

Approves ObamaCare because it is a tax.

203
Q

US credit rating

A

The uncertainty and gridlock in Washington led Standard & Poor’s to downgrade the US AAA credit rating

204
Q

Election 2008

A
  • The election was the first in which an African American was elected President.
  • It was also the first time two sitting senators ran against each other. (Obama vs. Mccain)
  • Issues of the Day: Great Recession, Financial panic, Bailouts, Iraq War
  • Obama received more votes than any candidate in history. The prior record, about 62 million, was set in 2004 by George W. Bush
205
Q

Election 2012

A
  • The Democratic nominee, incumbent President Barack Obama, and his running mate, Vice President Joe Biden, were elected to a second term.
  • Their major challengers were the Republican nominee, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, and his running mate, Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin
  • Issues of the Day: Role of government, Spending & tax rates, Nuclear Iran, Arab Spring, Global warming, Campaign finance
  • Obama only the 2nd president (Wilson, 1916) to be elected to a second term with fewer electoral votes than earned when winning his first term
206
Q

Political polarization

A

Divergence (aka dividing) of political attitudes to ideological extremes

207
Q

Election of 2000

A

Came down to electoral college votes and specifically the vote in Florida; because of the controversy over a recount in Florida, Gore sued to have a manual recount; was the 1st time the Supreme Court got involved in electoral college decision; decided the votes should stand as counted and Bush got the votes for the state giving Bush the presidency without winning the popular vote.

208
Q

Great Society

A

Lyndon Johnson admin., Johnson declared a war on poverty. Included medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. Ex Economic Opportunity Act 1964 and the Volunteers in service to America (VISTA)

209
Q

Griswald v CT

A

Ruling; state laws cannot prohibit the use of contraceptives; the Constitution implies the right to privacy

210
Q

Miranda v AZ

A

The Court can’t make a ruling without reading the accused her/his rights

211
Q

SDS

A

Students for a Democratic Society; (socialist) student movement, part of counterculture (political beginnings) strongly opposed Vietnam war

212
Q

Black Panthers

A

(far left) socialists political party; black nationalism, 1966-1982. Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. Original purpose = protection against police brutality, they were militant

213
Q

Baby Boom

A

Large amount of marriages and births after WWII (between 1945 - 1950)

214
Q

Sun Belt

A

Southern US from Florida to California. Attractive resorts / warmer climate = businesses and population from North -> South

215
Q

Beat Movement

A

Counter culture movement started by young authors post WWII. Criticized social conformity

216
Q

“The Affluent Society”

A

Written by economist John Kenneth Galbrith; income disparities: post WWII US = wealthy in the private sector, poor in the public sector

217
Q

Roe v Wade

A

Supreme Court case on abortion, privacy under due process ( ) extended to a woman’s right to get an abortion (had to be balanced with individual state’s interest, abortion -> 3rd trimester)

218
Q

GI Bill

A

Federal aid to veterans after WWII to start businesses, get a higher education, and affordable housing (suburbs, levittown)

219
Q

Employment Act of 1946

A

Purpose: ensure economic growth, maintain production and employment

220
Q

22nd Amend.

A

After FDR, the president can (officially) only serve two terms

221
Q

Taft-Hartley Act

A

Restricted activities and power of labor unions, override on Truman’s veto (Labor leaders called it the “slave labor” bill), amended the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) outlawed closed shop

222
Q

Dixiecrats

A

Conservative white southern political party, wanted to maintain segregation and opposed federal intervention in race integration and labor

223
Q

Strom Thurmond

A

Nominated president for the States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats) 1948, result of Souther split because Truman = civil rights

224
Q

Thomas Dewey

A

The Republican presidential nominee in 1944, Dewey was the popular governor of New York. Roosevelt won a sweeping victory in this election of 1944. Dewey also ran against Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential election. Everyone thought he would win. Newspapers even printed, “DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN” on election night. However, the morning results showed that Truman swept the election, much to Dewey’s embarrassment.

225
Q

George Kennan

A

Smart dude who was the first one to introduce the term containment when referring to communism.

APUSH (8 decks)

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