Social Cultural

Question 1

Situational vs dispositional

Answer 1

Heider - attribution theory
SITUATIONAL: behaviour changes basses in situations. - HARTSHORNE, May and Shuttleworth

DISPOSITIONAL: behaviour isa influenced by our personal characteristics, traits stable in time and culture - Eipstein

Question 2

SC principles

Answer 2

1) people influence behaviour
2) our desire to be accepted changes our behaviour
3) culture, social norms, influence or behaviour
4) sense of self depends on the group we are part do

Question 3

stereotypes formation

Answer 3

1) Social Identity theory: Bandura (social categorisation)
2) Princeton trilogy - Katz and Barley: saimed to research whether there is cultural bias in social stereotypes. princeton students were asked to choose 5 traits that characterised a certain ethnic group from a list of 84. Outgroup = negative, agrreed ‘negors supersticious’

Question 4

culutre and cultural norms

Answer 4

culture: dynamic system of rules
Kuschel: surface culture (food, clothing etc), deep culture (religion, beliefs)
Hofstede: culture is the software (schemas) influence bahviour

cultural dimensions are behavioural patterns passed down from generation to generation. Passed down through obs. learning from gate keepers (Models as teachers, parents etc).

Question 5

Emic

Answer 5

concept that highlights the peculiarity of a culture. Research specific behaviours of that culture so researchers studying different cultures try to immedesimate in the culture. Ex: Bartlett when studying the impotanc of cattleìs in Swazi culture, memorised individualte cattle and tried to understand why it is important.

Question 6

Etic

Answer 6

highlights the possibility of existing behaviours that are cross-cultural
tries to find these ex: obidience to authority

ex: Berry: replicates Asch experiment to see whether conformity was carried out in cultures of Sierra Leone.
Inuits: no as it is more a self-reliant culture
Temne: yes at it is an agriculutral economy, farming need group

Question 7

cultural dimensions

Answer 7

Hofstede cross-cultural study 104 comparing IBM comapnies

found 6 cultural dimensions:

1) individualism collectivism
2) masculinity vs femininity
3) power distance
4) uncertainity avoidance
5) long term vs short term avoidance
6) conformity

Question 8

individualism vs collectivism

Answer 8

indicidualism: personal over social, identity defaind by traits and personal characteristics. Autonomy and self-expression encouraged, leading to competitiviness and self-sufficiency. = less likely to conform
collectivism: social over personal, identity defines by group you are part of. Self-expression and autonomy are not econuraged and there is an emphasis on group ahrmony = more likely to conform

Question 9

individualism vs collectivism - study

Answer 9

Bond and Smith.
aim: research confomity in collectivist societies
Procedure: meta-analysis in 133 different countries using the ash paradigm
results: collectvist societies mroe likely to conform as it promotes positive group relationships and reduces conflict

Question 10

long term vs short term orientation

Answer 10

long term orientation: promotes delayed gratification. Future oriented dynamic, more open to conflic resolution

short term orientation: wnats immidiate gratification, unilateral resolution.

Question 11

long terms vs short term resolution orientations studies

Answer 11

Besset
qualtiative research o compare the prception fo conflict in China and Australia

result:
1) Australia policies and procedures guide behaviour, arbitratin and mediation if feels unfair
2) China: want to solve problems, face-saving, want to save interpersonal relations

Question 12

compliance - definition

Answer 12

change in behaviou and expressed beliefs and attitudes in response to a request by another

Question 13

compliance - techniques

Answer 13

1) foot-in-the-door: P asks Q a smaller favour then askes Q a bigger favour and as he accepted the first one he is more likely to accept the second one.
Freedman and Fraser: participants called to ask what soap they use, they were then askes to make a whole list of the items in their house and it was found that 33% complied to the the second if step one was done whilist 22% complied if step 1 didn’t happen

2) door-in-he-face: big, small.
Cialdini and the youth offender centre (chouncellor, zoo)

3) low-ball: get to commit to a choice and then change terms
Cialdini, Cacioppo, Basset and Miller (experiment, 7am)

Question 14

confomity - definition

Answer 14

individual change their ideas and behaviour in order to fit in a larger exisiiting social group
Asch (lines) and Sheriff (dot that moves)

Question 15

conformity - techniques

Answer 15

1) risky shift: riskier decision when in group.
Wollach short stories with dilemma riskier ing roup

2) SIT: category division accentuated, values opposit to out group, conform to ingroup values
3) SCT: in group discussion you look for ingroup approval and exxaggerate or change your beliefs to make you fit in.

Question 16

Social Learning Theory

Answer 16

based on existing learning theories:

1) classical conditioning: assosiate to stimuli to create a learnd response
2) operant conditioning: learn new behaviour as you want the behaviour response or you don’t want the punishment

you see models, see the consequences of their action (ont hem and environment), you store in memory and in the future it wil guide your behaviour.

A: attention
R: retention
R: reproduction
M: motiviation

Question 17

Social Learing theory - study

Answer 17

Bandura and Ross

aim: to investigate whether children which modelt he children would imitate the most
participants: 36 boys and 36 girls. 3 conditions (violent, passive violent and control)

procedure: put ina room, showed model playing with bobodoll, put in another room said that couldn’t play witht it, put in a second room said could play and see how played with bobo doll.
result: aggressive condition more aggressive than other, male copied male, female more violent when model male and mroe verbally violent when model female

Question 18

Social Identity Theory

Answer 18

person’s consideration fo who they are based on the group they are part of. Leads to an increase of self esteem and sense of belonging. 3 steps processes:

1) categorisation: divide environmentin two group, decrease the variety within the two groups. We understand people and objects based on which group they are part of
2) social identification: we adopt the identity of the group we identify with, our personal identity decreases
3) social comaprison: our group has to be favourably compared to the other one in order to mantain high self esteem - positive distinctiveness

Question 19

Social Identity Theory - study

Answer 19

Tajifel:

aim: to research when intergroup discriminationa dn intergroup favouritism would occur.
participants: 64 boys divided int o groups randomyl
procedure: 1 boy had to assign points two two other boys members or nto of their group.

results: prefferred to lose points but have a higher difference with the other gorup

Question 20

attribution errors

Answer 20

1) FAE: when udging other you over emphasise disposition fator than situational. ex: i somebody is rude you’d rather blme it on the fact that they are themselves rude rather than they are haivng a bad day.
Jones and Harris: student read essay on Castro, one group was told they could have decided the argument, another group was told that the argument was assigned: both were blamed on dispositional factors

2) SELF-SERVING BIAS: when judging ourselves we emphasise situation factors on dispositionl factors if behaviour is positive, whilist if it is negative we blame it on situational factors
Jhonson: participants asked to teach two student to count in tens and then 20. they then sit test.
student A sucess in both
student B fail first and sucess second
sucess blamed on skill fo teacher, failure of the lack of ability of the kid
progress on the ability of the teacher