Ethics and research methods

Question 1

ethics CLOA

Answer 1

Curtiss - Genie: no withdraw, no consent, no debrief, no privacy, no protection (adult foster home), too close

Sacks - no withdraw, no consent, no debrief, no privacy

Gardener and Gardener - tried to teach Washoe American Sign Language: distress from being taken out from her natural habitat, living in anunnatural enviornment and learing sign language - no consent, withdraw or debrief

Question 2

Ethics BLOA

Answer 2

Schatcher and Singer: deception (told it was to test the effect of Seroxin on vision, weren’t told the right consequences or weren’t told at all), consent, participant protection, debrief DONE

Berthold: participant protection (castrated, distress, consent, withdraw, debrief, animal ethics)

Resenzweig, Bennet and Dimond: participant protection (distress, euthanised to see brain effect), consent, withdraw, debrief, animal ethics

Question 3

Ethics SCLOA

Answer 3

Ash: deception, debriefing not properly (just told they conformed to fit in), participant protection (may ahve rised distress or embarassment when shown level fo conformity)

Zimbardo: participants were told that they were going to be aprt of an experiment in which a prison situation would ahve been recreated in the Stanford Univeristy Underground.

1) They were briefed but not told that the police would ahve actually arrested them and taken them to the polcie station to get their fingerprints. BREOF AND DECEPTION
2) privacy, they were blindfolded and brouht to the prison
3) participant protection: the guard were becoming aggressive witht them, it led to a huge mntal distress in terms of anxiety, crying, depression it had to be ended early but not early enough to avoid mental illnesses
4) withdraw: participants asked to elave but they weren’t allowed to
5) debriefing happened

Milgram: participant teacher, student confederate. Test: wrong answer electric shock (fake) up to 30 ww, last question faked to collpase if participant wanted to stop it was encouraged to continue.

1) withdraw: encouraged to continue
2) consent: didn’t knwo true aim of ecepriment
3) participant protection: ecen thouh hy were showing distress wasn’t stoppe
4) deception on shock
5) debriefed properly

Question 4

ethics on animlas

Answer 4

1) avoid harm - what is painful forhumans is considered painful for animals
2) animal walfare must be monitored
3) animals have to be euthanised if research is causes serious harm and changes their ability to live

Question 5

research principles of CLOA

Answer 5

1) mental processes guide behaviour: Glanzer and Cutniz

2) congitive processes should and can be researched scientifically: Mguire

Question 6

research principles of BLOA

Answer 6

1) animals can aid research on human behaviour: Martinez and Kesner
2) behaviour is a consequence of the physiology and anatomy of the endocrine and nervous system: Dabs
3) behaviour and be inherited: Douchbard: 100 minezota twin studies

Question 7

research principles of SCLOA

Answer 7

1) your sense of self is shaped by the group you are part of: Tajifel
2) people directly or inderectly influence your behaviour: Cialdini
3) cultural norms, given by culture change behaviour: Bond and Smith
4) our desire to be accepted change our behaviour: Ash

Question 8

lab experiments

Answer 8

value: -Strict control over variables
- Easy to replicate
- High reliability and validity
- Permits elimination of irrelevant factors

limitation: Because of the artificial environment, it lacks ecological validity due to the artificial environment and nature of it. When the situation is created, it is unlikely to occur in a real life situation, so one has to wonder if there is any validity in the findings.
- Hawthorne effect: participants try to perform in a way they think meets researcher’s expectations
- Screw-you effect: participants act in a way that might sabotage researcher’s aims
- Demand characteristics: Effects that occur from participants guessing the aims of the research and acting accordingly

SCLOA: Tajifel, Bandura
CLOA: Glanzer and Kutnik and Loftuns and Palmer
BLOA: Martinez and kesner, Berthold

Question 9

Case Studies

Answer 9

• in depth of an individual or small group
• qualitative research
• interviews and observations as well
• To obtain enriched data
• To study unusual psychological phenomena
• Stimulates new research into an unusual phenomena
• To study a particular variable that cannot be produced in a laboratory. For example, due to ethical or financial restrictions.
• To obtain other information they may not be able to get from other methods.
• personal relationships
• can’t be replicated

BLOA: Phinease Gage, Broca Tan
CLOA: MIlner and Scoville, Sacks

Question 10

field experiments

Answer 10

High ecological validity, because of the very natural setting – certain measures may be more representative of reality.

Not all extraneous variables can be controlledpoor control as a result of placing it in a natural or real-life setting (where large amounts of variables need to be taken into account).
-Not easily replicable.

CIALDINI