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Human development > Physiology of pregnancy > Flashcards

Physiology of pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

How does blood volume change during pregnancy?

A
  • begins increasing during first trimester
  • expands rapidly in second
  • increases at lower rate during third
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2
Q

How much does plasma volume change during pregnancy?

A

45%

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3
Q

Why does haemoglobin concentration decrease during pregnancy?

A

Increase in RBC number is slight

Significant increase in plasma volume, so diluted

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4
Q

How much does peripheral vascular resistance decrease by in early pregnancy?

A

50%

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5
Q

How much does red cell mass increase by during pregnancy?

A

20%

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6
Q

How does cardiac output increase during pregnancy?

A

35-40% during first trimester

50% at term

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7
Q

Which organ experiences the highest increase in CO during pregnancy?

A

Uterus

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8
Q

When does blood pressure reach its lowest point?

A

17-24 weeks

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9
Q

Which in biggest factor causing drop in blood pressure in pregnancy?

A

Decrease in peripheral vascular resistance

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10
Q

What mediates the decrease in peripheral vascular resistance?

A

hormones of pregnancy (oestrogen and progesterone)

NO, relaxin and calcitonin gene-related peptide

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11
Q

What characterises pre-eclampsia?

A

Rising arterial blood pressure
Oedema
Proteininuria

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12
Q

Why shouldn’t pregnant women lie supine

A

Enlarged uterus compresses IVC

Resulting in reduction of CO and BP

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13
Q

What factors does process of coagulation depend upon?

A

Balance of clotting formation and clot dissolving

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14
Q

What is the main haemostatic change that occurs during pregnancy

A

Pregnancy proposed towards hypercoagulable state

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15
Q

Purpose of haemostatic changes?

A
  • Maintain placental function

- Prevent excessive blood loss

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16
Q

How does platelet production and platelet count change

A

Platelet production increases

Platelet count decreases

17
Q

How does oxygen consumption change during pregnancy?

A

increases from 250ml/min to 300ml/min at rest

18
Q

What respiratory changes occur during pregnancy?

A

Increased alveolar ventilation

Increased minute ventilation

19
Q

How is respiratory centre stimulated during pregnancy?

A

Progesterone mediated hypersensitity of CO2

20
Q

How does lung volume

and lung capacity change during pregnancy?

A

Voume-Increases

Capacity- decreases

21
Q

What structural changes occur in the kidney

A

Increases in length

22
Q

What is the impact of progesterone on the kidney

A

Dilation of renal calcycles, pelvis and ureter

23
Q

What changes in renal function occur in pregnancy?

A

Increase in clearance of urea, creatinine and ureate, increase in excretion of bicarb

24
Q

How does RAAS change during pregnancy?

A

Increased RAAS activity leads to water retention

High levels of angiotensin II

25
Q

Why is high levels on angiotensin II important?

A

Maintain blood volume, blood pressure and uteroplacental blood flow

26
Q

Effect of oestrogen on RAAS system

A

acts directly to increase renin secretion from granular cells
acts to upregulate

27
Q

Why is heart burn and reflux more common in pregnancy?

A

Increased intra-abdominal pressure

28
Q

How does pancreatic function change during pregnancy?

A

More insulin production becuse pancreatic islets of Langerhans experience hyperplasia

29
Q

What is glycosuria

A

Decrease in glucose reabsorption

30
Q

How does cardiac output change post partrum?

A

Blood volume decreases by 20% 72 hr post partum

HR and CO return to baseline in 2 weeks

31
Q

How and when do functional changes occur to bladder post partum

A

How- prompt return to baseline w decrease blood volume

When- prompt

32
Q

How and when do structural changes occur to bladder post partum

A

Dilation of bladder, uterus and renal pelvis occur 3 months or mroe

33
Q

When does development of mammary glands begin

A

Puberty

34
Q

How does breast adapt during pregnancy

A
  • Lobular ductal alveolar sytem undergoes hypertrophy

- Proliferation of ducts, alveoli mature, deposition of adipose tissue between lobules of glands

35
Q

What controls breast adaptation during pregnancy

A

Placental steroids

Estradiol and prosterone and well as placental peptide hormone

36
Q

What is the primary lactation hormone?

A

Prolactin

37
Q

What inhibits secretory activity

A

Steroid secretion

38
Q

How is milk triggered post delivery

A

Fall in steroid secretions

39
Q

What hormone controls the milk ejection reflex

A

Oxytocin

Human development (12 decks)

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