Exam 4.2

Question 1

Vertebrata characteristics

Answer 1

Endoskeleton (cartilaginous–>bone)
Vertebral Column
More extensive nervous system
Paired appendages

Question 2

Vertebral column

Answer 2

Derived from notochord
Surrounds and protects nerve cord
Vertebrata

Question 3

Myxini

Answer 3

Hagfish
Jawless and no paired fins
Tongue embedded with teeth
Slime for protection

Question 4

Petromyzontida

Answer 4

Lampreys
Jawless and no paired fins
Ectoparasite
Teeth embedded in sides of mouth

Question 5

Gnathostomata

Answer 5

Jawed vertebrates
jaw is homologous with gill arches of jawless fish
Chondrichthyes and Teleostomi

Question 6

Chondrichthyes

Answer 6

sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras
Cartilaginous skeleton
Placoid scales (pointing in the same direction to reduce drag)
Lateral Line System
Ampullae of Lorenzini (sense electrical fields)

Question 7

Skates and Rays

Answer 7

Dorsoventrally flattened
Flat teeth for eating molluscs and crustaceans
Whiplike tail with venom gland in some
Chondrichthyes

Question 8

Lateral Line System

Answer 8

senses vibrations in the water

Chondrichthyes

Question 9

Ampullae of Lorenzini

Answer 9

sense electrical fields

Chondrichthyes

Question 10

Teliostomi

Answer 10

Bony fish and tetrapods aka ray-fin fish and Sarcopterygii
Bone replaces cartilage
Swim bladder and lung

Question 11

Actinopterygii

Answer 11

Ray finned fish
Oviparous
Fins are supported by long rays
Scales are ganoid or cycloid (ctenoid)

Question 12

1. Ganoid scales

2. Cycloid or Ctenoid scales

Answer 12

1. older lineages

2. overlapping, lighter, flexible

Question 13

2 groups of Sarcopterygii

Answer 13

lobed fin fish and tetrapods

Question 14

Lobed fin fish

Answer 14

Ceolocanth and lungfishes
Paired, lobed fins with skeletal support
Preadapted for locomotion on land

Question 15

2 groups of Tetrapoda

Answer 15

Amphibia and Amniota

Question 16

1. Eustenopteron

Answer 16

lobe finned fish, laterally compressed, no snout, dorsal fin

Question 17

2. Panderichthyes

Answer 17

lobe finned fish, dorso-ventrally compressed, snout, no dorsal fins

Question 18

3. Tiktaalik

Answer 18

“fishapod” long snout, WRIST and NECK

Question 19

4. Acanthostega and Ichtyostega

Answer 19

1st tetrapods, wrist and ankles, neck, DIGITS

Question 20

Gymnophiona

Answer 20

Legless, fossorial, live in tropics

look like worms

Question 21

Urodela

Answer 21

Salamanders
long tail with 4 legs in most (absent in aquatic ones)
Internal fertalization

Question 22

Anura

Answer 22

Frog and toads
Sit and wait predators
Need water for some stage of life
Gills in larval stage and lost in metamorphosis
Toxins and chromatophores (cause bright colors)

Question 23

Lepidosauria

Answer 23

Lizards and snakes

Question 24

Vomeronasal organ (Jacobson’s organ)

Answer 24

well developed chemoreception

tongue flicks and brings molecules to the roof of mouth

Question 25

Pit Organ

Answer 25

heat sensitive organ in pit vipers

Question 26

Testudines

Answer 26

Turtle and tortoises!
External shell is connected to endoskeleton
Loss of teeth
All lay eggs on land and no parental care

Question 27

Archosauria

Answer 27

Crocodilia and Aves 
Vocalization and displays
Mom protects eggs/babies
4 chambered heart
Unidirectional air flow
Gizzard

Question 28

Mammalia

Answer 28

Largest and most complex brain
Endotherms
4 chambered heart
Mammary glands
Heterodonty (variation in teeth)

Question 29

Monotremata

Answer 29

Oviparous

Spiny anteaters and Platypus

Question 30

Mammalia groups

Answer 30

Monotremata
Marsupialia
Eutheria (placental mammals)