5AB

Question 1

What is the primary purpose of a phylogeny?

Answer 1

Understanding relationships between species

Question 2

What are the two main types of speciation described in macroevolution?

Answer 2

Anagenesis and cladogenesis

Question 3

Anagenesis

Answer 3

Evolution within a single lineage where one species gradually changes into a new species over time — without splitting into two.

There’s no branching, just a straight line of change!

Question 4

cladogenesis

Answer 4

When one species splits into two or more different species.

It’s basically branching evolution —
➔ One species stays the same (or evolves differently)
➔ Another new species branches off and becomes something new.

Question 5

Steps involved in inferring phylogenies based on morphological and DNA data

Answer 5

1. collect data and shared characteristicts
2. identify homologous and analogous traits
3. use parsimony principle
4. construct a phylogenic tree

Question 6

parsimony principle

Question 7

homologous

Answer 7

Same structure, different function — because they come from a common ancestor.

Question 8

analogous

Answer 8

Same function, different structure — evolved independently, not from a common ancestor.

Question 9

A monophyletic group includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Answer 9

true

Question 10

Phylogeny is the history of descent with

Answer 10

branching

Question 11

Sister groups share a common ancestor not shared by any other group.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

A phylogram uses branch lenght to represent …

Answer 12

evolutionary time

Question 13

What is a synapomorphy in phylogenetic reconstruction?

Answer 13

shared derived character

Question 14

Steps in creating a phylogenetic tree using parsimony

Answer 14

1.collect data on shared traits
2.identify potential synapomorphies
3.create multiple trees
4.CHOOSE THE TREE WITH FEWEST CHANGES

Question 15

synapomorphy

Answer 15

shared character

Question 16

DNA sequence difference refers to…

1. mosquito and fly have
   2.beetle and earwig have
   3.beetle and mosquito have

Answer 16

how different the DNA sequences of two organisms are from each other 🧬

✅ Mosquito and Fly have a 5% DNA sequence difference
✅ Beetle and Earwig have a 12% DNA sequence difference
✅ Beetle and Mosquito have an 8% DNA sequence difference

Question 17

Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist who
..
implicit phylogenetic assumptions means that Linnaeus’ classification system was based on ideas about how living things are related to each other through evolution, even if he didn’t directly say it.

Answer 17

developed a way to classify living things.
Linnaeus grouped organisms based on their characteristics.

He assumed that organisms with similar characteristics were related to each other.

Question 18

Punctuated evolution includes

Answer 18

rare and rapid events of speciation

Question 19

What does a cladogram show in a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 19

branching patterns

Question 20

paraphyletic group

Answer 20

Paraphyletic group: A group that contains a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

Question 21

monophyletic group

Answer 21

A monophyletic group includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.

Question 22

Homoplasy refers to similarity in appearance but not in _

Answer 22

origin,

Question 23

Wings in birds and bats are an example of analogous structures due to convergent evolution.

Answer 23

true

Question 24

convergent evolution

Question 25

What is adaptive radiation in macroevolution?

Answer 25

rapid evolution of new species

Question 26

Synapomorphy

Answer 26

shared DERIVED character (not ancestral or anythign like that)

Question 27

ex of synapomorphy

Answer 27

Whales and dolphins have a shared derived character called a dorsal fin 🐬 Humans and chimpanzees share a derived character called a vertebral column 🦴

Question 28

What is a common bone found in forelimb of a human bat and birds

Answer 28

humerus

Question 29

tree of life

Answer 29

3000 taxa

Question 30

Gradual

Question 31

punctuated

Question 32

2 groups of fish at the base of phylogenic tree

Answer 32

The two groups of fish shown at the base are: Hagfish 🐟 Lampreys 🐟

Question 33

3 groups shown in phylogenic trees

Answer 33

Lizards and snakes 🦎,Crocodiles and alligators 🐊, Birds 🐦

Question 34

The ray-finned fish are more closely related to lungfish than to sharks and _

Answer 34

rays

Question 35

Which set of taxa forms a clade on one tree but not the other?

Answer 35

Degeneria-Magnolia-Eupomatia

Question 36

What is the species name of a wolf?

Answer 36

Canis lupus

Question 37

The genus of a wolf is

Answer 37

Canis

Question 38

Which set of taxa constitutes a clade on one gene tree but not the other?

Answer 38

Austrobaileya-Nymphaea-Cabombaceae

Question 39

The large-billed finches are adapted to

Answer 39

crush large, hard seeds.

Question 40

Lungfish and tetrapods share the trait of

Answer 40

having lungs.

Question 41

A node in a phylogenetic tree represents a

Answer 41

common ancestor

Question 42

Which trait is shared by sharks, ray-finned fish, coelacanths, lungfish, and tetrapods?

Answer 42

Hinged jaws

Question 43

The amniotic egg evolved once in the

Answer 43

common ancestor

Question 44

The four trees are equivalent because

Answer 44

nodes can be rotated without changing evolutionary relationships.

Question 45

What is the amniotic egg considered a homology of sauropsids and mammals?

Answer 45

Evolved once in common ancestor

Question 46

The first phylogenetic tree requires ___ changes.

Answer 46

4

Question 47

Which phylogenetic tree requires the fewest character changes?

Answer 47

first

Question 48

What is the term for the point where a branch splits in a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 48

node

Question 49

parsimony

Answer 49

Build the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary changes (the simplest explanation).

Question 50

We know of fewer fossil species than living species, because:

Answer 50

The fossil record is incomplete

Question 51

Homoplasious;

Answer 51

derived from different ancestral characters

Question 52

The wings of insects and the wings of bats are considered to be _____ because they are _____.

Answer 52

Homoplasious

Question 53

Homoplasious

Answer 53

derived from a character in the common ancestor of insects and bats